新时代·技术新未来自动机器学习(AutoML):方法、系统与挑战

目 录

自动机器学习方法

第1章 超参优化 ··································2

1.1 引言 ··············································2

1.2 问题定义 ·······································4

1.2.1 优化替代方案：集成与边缘化 ·············5

1.2.2 多目标优化 ···········································5

1.3 黑盒超参优化 ·······························6

1.3.1 免模型的黑盒优化方法 ························6

1.3.2 贝叶斯优化 ···········································8

1.4 多保真度优化 ······························13

1.4.1 基于学习曲线预测的早停法 ··············14

1.4.2 基于Bandit的选择方法 ·····················15

1.4.3 保真度的适应性选择 ··························17

1.5 AutoML的相关应用 ····················18

1.6 探讨与展望 ··································20

1.6.1 基准测试和基线模型 ··························21

1.6.2 基于梯度的优化 ··································22

1.6.3 可扩展性 ·············································22

1.6.4 过拟合和泛化性 ··································23

1.6.5 任意尺度的管道构建 ··························24

参考文献···············································25

第2章 元学习 ···································36

2.1 引言 ·············································36

2.2 模型评估中学习 ··························37

2.2.1 独立于任务的推荐 ······························38

2.2.2 配置空间的设计 ··································39

2.2.3 配置迁移 ·············································39

2.2.4 学习曲线 ·············································42

2.3 任务特性中学习 ··························43

2.3.1 元特征 ·················································43

2.3.2 元特征的学习 ·····································44

2.3.3 基于相似任务热启动优化过程 ···········46

2.3.4 元模型 ·················································48

2.3.5 管道合成 ·············································49

2.3.6 调优与否 ·············································50

2.4 先前模型中学习 ··························50

**篇

XVI

2.4.1 迁移学习 ·············································51

2.4.2 针对神经网络的元学习 ······················51

2.4.3 小样本学习 ·········································52

2.4.4 不止于监督学习 ··································54

2.5 总结 ·············································55

参考文献···············································56

第3章 神经网络架构搜索 ··················68

3.1 引言 ·············································68

3.2 搜索空间 ······································69

3.3 搜索策略 ······································73

3.4 性能评估策略 ······························76

3.5 未来方向 ······································78

参考文献···············································80

自动机器学习系统

第4章 Auto-WEKA ···························86

4.1 引言 ·············································86

4.2 准备工作 ······································88

4.2.1 模型选择 ·············································88

4.2.2 超参优化 ·············································88

4.3 算法选择与超参优化结合

（CASH） ···································89

4.4 Auto-WEKA ·································91

4.5 实验评估 ······································93

4.5.1 对比方法 ·············································94

4.5.2 交叉验证性能 ·····································96

4.5.3 测试性能 ·············································96

4.6 总结 ·············································98

参考文献···············································98

第5章 Hyperopt-sklearn ·················101

5.1 引言 ···········································101

5.2 Hyperopt背景 ····························102

5.3 Scikit-Learn模型选择 ···············103

5.4 使用示例 ····································105

5.5 实验 ···········································109

5.6 讨论与展望 ································111

5.7 总结 ···········································114

参考文献·············································114

第6章 Auto-sklearn ························116

6.1 引言 ···········································116

6.2 CASH问题 ································118

6.3 改进 ···········································119

6.3.1 元学习步骤 ········································119

6.3.2 集成的自动构建 ································121

6.4 Auto-sklearn系统 ······················121

6.5 Auto-sklearn的对比试验 ···········125

6.6 Auto-sklearn改进项的评估 ·······127

6.7 Auto-sklearn组件的详细分析 ···129

6.8 讨论与总结 ································134

6.8.1 讨论 ···················································134

第二篇

XVII

6.8.2 使用示例 ···········································134

6.8.3 Auto-sklearn的扩展 ··························135

6.8.4 总结与展望 ·······································136

参考文献·············································136

第7章 Auto-Net ······························140

7.1 引言 ···········································140

7.2 Auto-Net 1.0 ·······························142

7.3 Auto-Net 2.0 ·······························144

7.4 实验 ···········································151

7.4.1 基线评估 ···········································151

7.4.2 AutoML竞赛上的表现 ·····················152

7.4.3 Auto-Net 1.0与Auto-Net 2.0的对比····154

7.5 总结 ···········································155

参考文献·············································156

第8章 TPOT ··································160

8.1 引言 ···········································160

8.2 方法 ···········································161

8.2.1 机器学习管道算子 ····························161

8.2.2 构建基于树的管道 ····························162

8.2.3 优化基于树的管道 ····························163

8.2.4 基准测试数据 ···································163

8.3 实验结果 ····································164

8.4 总结与展望 ································167

参考文献·············································168

第9章 自动统计 ······························170

9.1 引言 ···········································170

9.2 自动统计项目的基本结构 ·········172

9.3 应用于时序数据的自动统计 ·····173

9.3.1 核函数上的语法 ································173

9.3.2 搜索和评估过程 ································175

9.3.3 生成自然语言性的描述 ····················175

9.3.4 与人类比较 ·······································177

9.4 其他自动统计系统 ····················178

9.4.1 核心组件 ···········································178

9.4.2 设计挑战 ···········································179

9.5 总结 ···········································180

参考文献·············································180

自动机器学习挑战赛

第10章 自动机器学习挑战赛分析 ···186

10.1 引言··········································187

10.2 问题形式化和概述 ···················190

10.2.1 问题的范围 ·····································190

10.2.2 全模型选择 ·····································191

10.2.3 超参优化 ·········································192

10.2.4 模型搜索策略 ·································193

10.3 数据··········································197

10.4 挑战赛协议 ······························201

10.4.1 时间预算和计算资源 ······················201

10.4.2 评分标准 ·········································202

10.4.3 挑战赛2015/2016中的轮次和阶段 ····205

第三篇

10.4.4 挑战赛2018中的阶段 ····················206

10.5 结果··········································207

10.5.1 挑战赛2015/2016上的得分 ···········207

10.5.2 挑战赛2018上的得分 ····················209

10.5.3 数据集/任务的难度 ·······················210

10.5.4 超参优化 ·········································217

10.5.5 元学习 ·············································217

10.5.6 挑战赛中使用的方法 ······················219

10.6 讨论··········································224

10.7 总结··········································226

参考文献·············································229