包邮托福阅读真经(高分版)

第1回 细节题 知识回顾 真经练习 真经练习 1 ?????????????????????????????????????????????? The beginning ???????????????????????????????????????? Industrialization in the United States Industrialists saw consolidation as a way to cope with what they believed was the greatest curse ofthe modern economy:??“bloody competition.” Most businessmen claimed to believe in free enterprise, butin fact they feared that substantial competition could spell instability and ruin for all. As the movementtoward consolidation accelerated, new vehicles emerged to facilitate it. The railroads began with so-calledpool arrangements―a contractual arrangement among various companies to stabilize rates and dividemarkets. But if a few firms in an industry were unwilling to cooperate (as was almost always the case),the pool arrangements collapsed. The failure of the pools led to new techniques of consolidation. The nexteffort to stabilize prices was the creation of the “trust”―pioneered by Standard Oil in the early 1880s andthe banker J. P. Morgan. Under a trust agreement, stockholders in individual corporations transferred theirstocks to a small group of trustees in exchange for shares in the trust itself. Owners of trust certificatesoften had no direct control over the decisions of the trustees, they simply received a share of the profits ofthe combination. The trustees themselves, on the other hand, might literally own only a few companies butcould exercise effective control over many. According to the paragraph, which of the following was a problem with pool arrangements? A. They could succeed only if all the firms in an industry cooperated. B. They were effective only with railroads. C. They were effective only in circumstances where rates had already been stabilized. D. They could be implemented only in industries with numerous firms. ?????????????????????????????????????????????? The end ???????????????????????????????????????? 真经练习 2 ?????????????????????????????????????????????? The beginning ???????????????????????????????????????? The Upper Paleolithic Revolution The question that whether the change in the prehistory of humankind seen in Europe was built onearlier developments in Africa has been addressed by anthropologists Sally McBrearty and Alison Brooks.They assert that the whole issue of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution derives from a profound Eurocentricbias and a failure to appreciate the depth and breadth of the African archaeological record. In fact, many ofthe components of this revolution are found earlier in the African Middle Paleolithic tens of thousands ofyears before they appeared in Europe. These features include blade and microlithic technology, bone tools,increased geographic range, specialized hunting, exploitation of aquatic resources, long-distance exchangenetworks, systematic processing and use of pigment, and art and decoration. These items do not occursuddenly together as predicted by the revolutionary model, but at sites that are widely separated in spaceand time. This suggests a gradual assembling of the package of modern human behaviors in Africa and itslater export to other regions of the Old World. According to the paragraph, anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks argue that archaeologists’traditional understanding of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was flawed because A. they underestimated available African archaeological evidence B. the archaeological evidence available to them include some errors C. they could hardly tell artistic creations from objects meant for practical use D. they based their judgments on the limited archaeological record available at that time ?????????????????????????????????????????????? The end ????????????????????????????