国际经济学-(英文版.第8版)

出版说明 导读 作者简介 前言 教学建议 第1章国际贸易概述 1 1.1国民经济的特点 3 1.2国际贸易的方向 13 1.3国家间进行贸易的是什么商品 18 第2章国际贸易模型分析工具 27 2.1一些方法论上的准备 29 2.2基本模型：假设 31 2.3基本模型：解 41 2.4测度国家福利 44 2.5国家供给和需求 46 第3章古典国际贸易模型 53 3.1以绝对优势为基础的贸易：亚当·斯密模型 54 3.2作为贸易基础的比较优势理论：大卫.李嘉图模型 60 3.3古典模型的一般均衡解 62 3.4国际贸易的收益 67 3.5贸易和工资的关系 70 3.6对古典模型的评价 75 第4章赫克歇尔-俄林模型 85 4.1HO模型：基本假设 87 4.2HO定理 92 4.3HO模型中的均衡 94 4.4一些新的HO定理 100 4.5一些*终的观察 106 第5章贸易模型的检验：列昂惕夫之谜及其发展 119 5.1对古典贸易模型的检验 120 5.2对HO模型的检验 122 5.3对列昂惕夫之谜的解释 125 5.4关于HO模型的其他检验 128 5.5关于HO模型的*新检验 129 5.6比较优势论的其他一些理论 132 5.7产业内贸易 135 5.8报酬递增和不完全竞争 137 5.9结论 142 第6章关税 146 6.1自由贸易的利益 147 6.2关税简述 150 6.3关税的经济分析 154 6.4再论自由贸易的利益 156 6.5关税的福利成本 159 6.6关税的扩展 163 第7章非关税壁垒和关于贸易保护的争论 179 7.1配额 180 7.2配额的福利效应 183 7.3关税和配额的异同 186 7.4其他非关税壁垒 188 7.5关于贸易保护的争论 194 第8章商业政策的历史与实践 215 8.1美国商业政策的历史 216 8.2乌拉圭回合与WTO的建立 224 8.3多哈回合 229 8.4美国商业政策的执行 231 第9章特惠贸易协定 248 9.1特惠贸易协定：经济分析 250 9.2北美自由贸易协定 254 9.3美国的其他自由贸易区协定 259 9.4欧盟 261 9.5地区主义与多边主义 264 第10章国际贸易与经济增长 270 10.1国际贸易与经济发展 271 10.2国际贸易与经济增长 276 10.3国际贸易与经济增长的评论 285 10.4国际要素流动 289 第11章国际金融概述 302 11.1国际收支平衡表 303 11.2汇率 303 11.3价格与汇率 306 11.4利息率与汇率 307 11.5其他重要话题 309 第12章国际收支平衡 312 12.1经常账户 316 12.2其他汇总方法 321 12.3交易分类 322 12.4国际收支平衡表的均衡及其调整 325 第13章外汇市场 330 13.1即期汇率 331 13.2套汇 334 13.3远期汇率 336 13.4掉期 338 13.5期货市场 340 13.6汇率供需与中央银行干预 343 13.7黑市和平行市场 345 第14章价格和汇率：购买力平价 349 14.1绝对购买力平价 350 14.2相对购买力平价 353 14.3时间、通货膨胀和购买力平价 354 14.4对购买力平价的偏离 357 14.5“高估”和“低估”的货币 360 14.6实际汇率 363 第15章汇率、利率和利率平价 367 15.1利率平价 368 15.2利率和通货膨胀 372 15.3汇率、利率和通货膨胀 373 15.4预期汇率和利率的期限结构 374 第16章外汇风险、预测与国际投资 381 16.1外汇风险的分类 382 16.2外汇风险溢价 385 16.3市场有效性 388 16.4外汇预测 390 16.5国际投资和资产组合多样化 392 16.6外国直接投资 396 16.7资本外逃 399 16.8资本流入问题 400 16.9国际借贷和危机 401 第17章国际收支基本理论 408 17.1贸易收支的弹性论 409 17.2弹性和J曲线 413 17.3货币贬值的证据 419 17.4贸易收支的吸收论 421 17.5国际收支的货币论 422 第18章汇率理论 435 18.1资产分析法 436 18.2货币分析法 438 18.3资产组合平衡分析法 442 18.4冲销 443 18.5汇率与贸易平衡 446 18.6汇率超调 448 18.7货币替代 451 18.8新闻的作用 453 18.9外汇市场的微观结构 454 第19章国际货币本位 459 19.1金本位：1880～1914年 460 19.2战争时期：1918～1939年 463 19.3金汇兑本位：1944～1970年 464 19.4过渡期：1971～1973年 467 19.5浮动汇率制：1973年至今 467 19.6汇率制度选择 472 19.7*优货币区 475 19.8欧洲货币体系和欧元 476 19.9目标区 479 19.10货币发行局 480 19.11国际储备货币 482 19.12多重汇率制度 486 第20章国际银行业务、债务和风险 490 20.1离岸银行业务的起源 491 20.2国际银行业务机构 496 20.3离岸银行业务 497 20.4国际债务 501 20.5国际货币基金组织的贷款条件性 503 20.6腐败的影响 504 20.7国家风险分析 505 第21章开放经济下的宏观政策及其调整 511 21.1内部和外部宏观经济均衡 512 21.2IS曲线 513 21.3LM曲线 516 21.4BP曲线 517 21.5均衡 517 21.6固定汇率制度下的货币政策 518 21.7固定汇率制度下的财政政策 520 21.8浮动汇率制度下的货币政策 521 21.9浮动汇率制度下的财政政策 522 21.10新开放经济宏观经济学 523 21.11国际政策协调 524 21.12全球金融危机及宏观经济影响 528 21.13开放经济乘数 529 Contents Chapter 1An Introduction to International Trade 1 Characteristics of National Economies 3 Economic Growth 8 International Trade 9 The Direction of International Trade 13 What Goods Do Countries Trade? 18 Summary 25 Exercises 26 Chapter 2Tools of Analysis for International TradeModels 27 Some Methodological Preliminaries 29 The Basic Model: Assumptions 31 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 2.1: World Response to Higher RelativePrice of Oil 33 The Basic Model: Solutions 41 Measuring National Welfare 44 National Supply and Demand 46 Summary 48 Exercises 49 Appendix 2.1Derivation of National Supply and Demand Curves 51 Chapter 3The Classical Model of International Trade 53 Absolute Advantage as a Basis for Trade: Adam Smith抯 Model 54 Comparative Advantage as a Basis for Trade: DavidRicardo抯 Model 60 The General Equilibrium Solution of the Classical Model 62 The Gains from International Trade 67 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 3.1: Japan抯 Gains from Entry into WorldTrade in 1858 70 The Relationship Between Trade and Wages 70 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 3.2: Wage and Productivity Comparisons for the UnitedStates and Mexico 73 An Evaluation of the Classical Model 75 Summary 76 Exercises 76 Appendix 3.1The Classical Model with Many Goods 79 Appendix 3.2Offer Curves and the Terms of Trade 81 Chapter 4The Heckscher朞hlin Model 85 The HO Model: Basic Assumptions 87 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 4.1: Capital/Labor Ratios of Selected U.S. Industries 89 The HO Theorem 92 Equilibrium in the HO Model 94 Some New HO Theorems 100 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 4.2: Trade, Wages, and Jobs in the U.S. Economy 104 Some Final Observations 106 Summary 107 Exercises 107 Appendix 4.1Alternate Proofs of Selected HO Theorems 110 The Heckscher朞hlin Theorem (Price Definition) 111 The Rybczynski Theorem 113 The Stolper朣amuelson Theorem 114 Appendix 4.2The Specific Factors Model 116 Chapter 5Tests of Trade Models: The Leontief Paradox and Its Aftermath 119 Tests of the Classical Model 120 Tests of the HO Model 122 Attempted Reconciliations of Leontief抯 Findings 125 Other Tests of the HO Model 128 Recent Tests of the HO Model 129 Alternative Theories of Comparative Advantage 132 Human Skills Theory 132 Product Life Cycle Theory 133 Similarity of Preferences Theory 134 Intraindustry Trade 135 Increasing Returns and Imperfect Competition 137 Conclusions 142 Summary 143 Exercises 144 References 145 Chapter 6Tariffs 146 The Gains from Free Trade 147 Tariffs: An Introduction 150 Tariffs: An Economic Analysis 154 The Gains From Free Trade: One More Time 156 The Welfare Cost of Tariffs 159 Tariffs: Some Extensions 163 Export Tariff 163 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 6.1: The Welfare Costs of Tariffs: Estimates fromCertain U.S. Industries 164 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 6.2: Export Tariffs on Various Agricultural Products 167 The Optimal Tariff 168 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 6.3: The Smoot-Hawley Tariff and Its Aftermath 172 How High Are Tariffs? 174 Summary 176 Exercises 176 References 178 Chapter 7Nontariff Barriers and Arguments for Protection 179 Quotas 180 The Welfare Effects of Quotas 183 The Equivalence or Nonequivalence of Tariffs and Quotas 186 Other Nontariff Barriers 188 Customs Valuation Practices 188 Government Procurement Policies 189 Technical Barriers to Trade 190 Health and Safety Standards 191 Failure to Protect Intellectual Property Rights 192 Export Subsidies 193 Arguments for Protection 194 Invalid Arguments 195 Valid Arguments 197 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 7.1: Trade, Technology, and U.S. Pollution 208 Summary 212 Exercises 213 References 214 Chapter 8Commercial Policy: History and Practice 215 History of U.S. Commercial Policy 216 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 8.1: The GATT Agreement 221 The Uruguay Round and the Creation of the WTO 224 TRADE POLICY CASE STUDY 1: U.S. Tuna Quotas to Save Dolphins 228 The DOHA Round 229 The Conduct of U.S. Commercial Policy 231 Dumping 231 Antidumping Law 234 Countervailing Duty Law 236 Unfair Foreign Practices: Section 301 238 TRADE POLICY CASE STUDY 2: The International Bananas Dispute 239 The Escape Clause: Section 201 241 TRADE POLICY CASE STUDY 3: Escape Clause Tariffs on U.S. SteelImports 242 Other Measures 243 Comparisons with Policies in Other Countries 244 Summary 246 Exercises 246 References 247 Chapter 9Preferential Trade Arrangements 248 Preferential Trade Arrangements: Economic Analysis 250 North American Free Trade Agreement 254 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 9.1: Details of the NAFTA 255 Other U.S. Free-Trade Area Agreements 259 European Union 261 The EU Government 261 The Single Market Initiative 263 Regionalism versus Multilateralism 264 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 9.2: Other Preferential Trade Arrangements 265 Summary 267 Exercises 268 References 269 Chapter 10International Trade and Economic Growth 270 Trade and Development 271 Primary-Export-Led Development Policies 272 Import-Substitution Development Policies 275 Outward-Looking Development Policies 276 Trade and Growth 276 Trade and Growth: Some Additional Comments 285 Technological Change 285 Growth, Prices, and Welfare 286 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 10.1: The Dutch Disease 288 International Flows of Factors 289 Labor 289 Capital 291 Economic Analysis 294 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 10.2: U.S. Outsourcing 295 Summary 299 Exercises 300 References 301 Chapter 11An Introduction to International Finance 302 The Balance of Payments 303 Exchange Rates 303 Prices and Exchange Rates 306 Interest Rates and Exchange Rates 307 Additional Major Topics 309 Summary 311 Exercises 311 Chapter 12The Balance of Payments 312 Current Account 316 Financing the Current Account: The Financial Account 318 National Saving, Investment, and the Current Account 319 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 12.1: The World抯 Largest Debtor 320 Additional Summary Measures 321 Transactions Classification 322 Balance-of-Payments Equilibrium and Adjustment 325 Summary 327 Exercises 327 References 328 Chapter 13The Foreign-Exchange Market 330 Spot Rates 331 Arbitrage 334 Forward Rates 336 Swaps 338 The Futures Market 340 Foreign-Currency Options 341 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 13.1: Exchange Rate Indexes 342 Exchange Rate Supply and Demand and Central-Bank Intervention 343 Black Markets and Parallel Markets 345 Summary 346 Exercises 346 References 348 Chapter 14Prices and Exchange Rates: Purchasing Power Parity 349 Absolute Purchasing Power Parity 350 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 14.1: The U.S. Consumer Price Index 351 Relative Purchasing Power Parity 353 Time, Inflation, and PPP 354 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 14.2: Hyperinflation in Bolivia 355 Deviations from PPP 357 揙vervalued?and 揢ndervalued?Currencies 360 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 14.3: Big Mac PPP 361 Real Exchange Rates 363 Summary 364 Exercises 365 References 366 Chapter 15Exchange Rates, Interest Rates, and Interest Parity 367 Interest Parity 368 Interest Rates and Inflation 372 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 15.1: Globalization and Interest Rates 373 Exchange Rates, Interest Rates, and Inflation 373 Expected Exchange Rates and the Term Structure of Interest Rates 374 Summary 377 Exercises 377 References 378 Appendix 15.1Taxation and Interest Rate Parity 379 Chapter 16Foreign-Exchange Risk, Forecasting,and International Investment 381 Types of Foreign-Exchange Risk 382 Foreign-Exchange Risk Premium 385 Market Efficiency 388 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 16.1: The Carry Trade 390 Foreign-Exchange Forecasting 390 International Investment and Portfolio Diversification 392 Direct Foreign Investment 396 Capital Flight 399 Capital Inflow Issues 400 International Lending and Crises 401 Summary 404 Exercises 405 References 406 Chapter 17Basic Theories of the Balance of Payments 408 The Elasticities Approach to the Balance of Trade 409 Elasticities and J Curves 413 The Currency-Contract Period 413 The Pass-Through Period 415 Section IV桾he U.S. Balance of Trade Decreases 415 Section III桾he U.S. Balance of Trade Is Constant 417 Section II桞alance of Trade May Increase or Decrease 417 Section I桞alance of Trade Increases 417 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 17.1: The Pass-Through Effect and Profits 418 The Evidence from Devaluations 419 The Absorption Approach to the Balance of Trade 421 The Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments 422 Summary 427 Exercises 428 References 429 Appendix 17.1Stable Foreign-Exchange Markets and theMarshall朙erner Condition 430 Chapter 18Exchange Rate Theories 435 The Asset Approach 436 The Monetary Approach 438 The Portfolio-Balance Approach 442 Sterilization 443 Exchange Rates and the Trade Balance 446 Overshooting Exchange Rates 448 Currency Substitution 451 The Role of News 453 Foreign-Exchange Market Microstructure 454 Summary 456 Exercises 457 References 458 Chapter 19Alternative International Monetary Standards 459 The Gold Standard: 1880?914 460 The Interwar Period: 1918?939 463 The Gold Exchange Standard: 1944 ?970 464 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 19.1: The International Monetary Fund 465 The Transition Years: 1971?973 467 Floating Exchange Rates: Since 1973 467 The Choice of an Exchange Rate System 472 Optimum Currency Areas 475 The European Monetary System and the Euro 476 Target Zones 479 Currency Boards 480 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 19.2: Speculative Attacks and the Mexican and Asian Financial Crises 481 International Reserve Currencies 482 Multiple Exchange Rates 486 Summary 487 Exercises 487 References 488 Chapter 20International Banking, Debt, and Risk 490 The Origins of Offshore Banking 491 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 20.1: A Black Swan in the Financial Market 494 International Banking Facilities 496 Offshore Banking Practices 497 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 20.2: Islamic Banking 500 International Debt 501 IMF Conditionality 503 The Role of Corruption 504 Country-Risk Analysis 505 Summary 509 Exercises 509 References 510 Chapter 21Open-Economy Macroeconomic Policy and Adjustment 511 Internal and External Macroeconomic Equilibrium 512 The IS Curve 513 The LM Curve 516 The BP Curve 517 Equilibrium 517 Monetary Policy under Fixed Exchange Rates 518 Fiscal Policy under Fixed Exchange Rates 520 Monetary Policy under Floating Exchange Rates 521 Fiscal Policy under Floating Exchange Rates 522 The New Open-Economy Macroeconomics 523 International Policy Coordination 524 GLOBAL INSIGHTS 21.1: The Plaza Agreement 526 Global Financial Crisis and Macroeconomic Effects 528 The Open-Economy Multiplier 529 Summary 531 Exercises 532 References 533