包邮案例式少儿编程100课Scratch3.0编程基础及指令详解

目录 第1 章 计算机及其程序设计 基础……………………… 001 1.1 计算机基本原理 ·······················001 1.1.1 信息技术的五次革命 ·············001 1.1.2 计算机系统组成 ··················001 1.1.3 计算机组成原理 ··················003 1.2 计算机语言及程序 ····················008 1.2.1 计算机语言分类 ··················008 1.2.2 计算机语言排名 ··················008 1.2.3 C 语言 ······························008 1.2.4 VC++、C++ 和C 语言···········009 1.2.5 Java 语言 ···························009 1.2.6 Python 语言 ························009 1.2.7 作者建议 ···························010 1.3 程序的三种基本结构 ·················011 1.3.1 算法的定义 ························ 011 1.3.2 算法的基本特征 ·················· 011 1.3.3 算法的基本要素 ·················· 011 1.3.4 程序的三种基本结构 ·············012 第2 章 Scratch3.0 系统概述 … 015 2.1 关于Scratch 图形化编程 ·············015 2.1.1 Scratch 发展历史··················015 2.1.2 图形化编程的意义和作用 ·······020 2.1.3 机器人编程、Scratch 少儿编程、 人工智能编程三者之间的区别和 关系 ··········································· 023 2.2 Scratch3.0 编程环境 ··················033 2.2.1 系统安装 ···························033 2.2.2 认识编程环境 ·····················033 2.3 Scratch3.0 画图功能 ··················039 2.3.1 图形编辑器功能区域 ·············039 2.3.2 位图和矢量图及其转换 ··········039 2.3.3 矢量顶部工具栏 ··················040 2.3.4 侧面工具栏 ························041 2.3.5 位图边栏工具 ·····················044 2.3.6 编辑器的方格背景 ················045 第3 章 Scratch3.0 程序设计及其 调试……………………… 046 3.1 Scratch3.0 程序设计实例·············046 3.1.1 川剧变脸 ···························046 3.1.2 小猪佩奇跳蹦床 ··················048 3.1.3 小工匠大梦想 ·····················051 3.1.4 金丝猴跳竹竿 ·····················054 3.2 程序设计的步骤和方法 ··············064 X Scratch3.0编 程 基 础 及 指 令 详 解 3.2.1 软件设计的原则 ··················064 3.2.2 程序设计的一般步骤 ·············065 3.2.3 Scratch3.0 图形化程序设计的 原则和步骤 ························067 3.3 程序的调试 ·····························068 第4 章 运动类指令详解 ……… 073 4.1 移动……步 ·····························073 4.1.1 指令解析 ···························073 4.1.2 参数设定方法 ·····················073 4.1.3 举例 ·································074 4.1.4 综合实例 ···························074 4.2 右转……度 ·····························075 4.2.1 指令解析 ···························075 4.2.2 参数设定方法 ·····················075 4.2.3 举例 ·································075 4.2.4 综合实例 ···························076 4.3 左转……度 ·····························076 4.4 移到……································076 4.4.1 指令解析 ···························077 4.4.2 参数设定方法 ·····················077 4.4.3 举例 ·································077 4.4.4 综合实例 ···························077 4.5 移到x：…… y：…… ················078 4.5.1 指令解析 ···························078 4.5.2 举例 ·································078 4.5.3 综合实例 ···························079 4.6 在……秒内滑行到…… ··············079 4.6.1 指令解析 ···························079 4.6.2 举例 ·································080 4.6.3 综合实例 ···························080 4.7 在……秒内滑行到x：…… y：…… ································081 4.7.1 指令解析 ···························081 4.7.2 举例 ·································081 4.7.3 综合实例 ···························081 4.8 面向……方向 ··························082 4.8.1 指令解析 ···························082 4.8.2 举例 ·································082 4.8.3 综合实例 ···························083 4.9 面向……································084 4.9.1 指令解析 ···························084 4.9.2 举例 ·································084 4.9.3 综合实例 ···························084 4.10 将x 坐标增加……将y 坐标 增加…… ······························085 4.10.1 指令解析 ························085 4.10.2 举例 ·····························085 4.10.3 综合实例 ························086 4.11 将x 坐标设为……将y 坐标设 为…… ·································086 4.11.1 指令解析 ························086 4.11.2 举例 ······························087 4.11.3 综合实例 ························087 4.12 碰到边缘就反弹 ·····················088 4.12.1 指令解析 ························088 4.12.2 举例 ·····························088 4.12.3 综合实例 ························088 4.13 将旋转方式设为…… ················089 4.13.1 指令解析 ························089 4.13.2 举例 ·····························089 4.13.3 综合实例 ························090 X I 目 录 4.14 x 坐标、y 坐标和方向 ··············091 4.14.1 指令解析 ························091 4.14.2 参数设定方法 ··················092 4.14.3 综合实例 ························092 第5 章 外观类指令详解 ……… 093 5.1 说…… ……秒 ························093 5.1.1 指令解析 ···························093 5.1.2 参数设定方法 ·····················093 5.1.3 举例 ·································093 5.1.4 综合实例 ···························094 5.2 说…… ··································095 5.2.1 指令解析 ···························095 5.2.2 举例 ·································095 5.2.3 综合实例 ···························095 5.3 思考……秒 ·····························096 5.4 思考……································096 5.5 换成……造型 ··························096 5.5.1 指令解析 ···························096 5.5.2 参数设定方法 ·····················097 5.5.3 举例 ·································097 5.6 下一个造型 ·····························097 5.6.1 指令解析 ···························097 5.6.2 举例 ·································097 5.6.3 综合实例 ···························098 5.7 换成……背景 ··························099 5.7.1 指令解析 ···························099 5.7.2 参数设定方法 ·····················100 5.7.3 举例 ·································100 5.8 下一个背景 ·····························100 5.9 将大小增加…… ·······················100 5.9.1 指令解析 ···························100 5.9.2 举例 ·································100 5.9.3 综合实例 ···························101 5.10 将大小设为…… ·····················102 5.10.1 指令解析 ························103 5.10.2 举例 ·····························103 5.11 将……特效增加…… ················103 5.11.1 指令解析 ························103 5.11.2 综合实例 ························104 5.12 将……特效设定为…… ·············108 5.12.1 指令解析 ························109 5.12.2 参数设定方法 ··················109 5.13 清除图形特效 ························109 5.13.1 指令解析 ························109 5.13.2 举例 ·····························109 5.14 显示和隐藏 ···························109 5.14.1 指令解析 ························ 110 5.14.2 综合实例 ························ 110 5.15 移到*…… ··························· 111 5.15.1 指令解析 ························ 111 5.15.2 参数设定方法 ·················· 111 5.15.3 举例 ····························· 111 5.16 前移(后移)……层 ················112 5.16.1 指令解析 ························ 112 5.16.2 举例 ····························· 112 5.17 造型编号(名称) ···················112 5.17.1 指令解析 ························ 113 5.17.2 参数设定方法 ·················· 113 5.17.3 举例 ····························· 113 5.18 背景编号(名称) ···················113 5.19 大小 ····································114 X I I Scratch3.0编 程 基 础 及 指 令 详 解 5.19.1 指令解析 ························ 114 5.19.2 综合实例 ························ 114 第6 章 声音类指令详解 ……… 115 6.1 播放声音……等待播完 ··············115 6.1.1 指令解析 ··························· 115 6.1.2 参数设定方法 ····················· 115 6.1.3 综合实例 ··························· 115 6.2 播放声音…… ··························116 6.3 停止所有声音 ··························116 6.3.1 指令解析 ··························· 116 6.3.2 举例 ································· 116 6.4 将音调(左右平衡)音效 增加…… ································117 6.4.1 指令解析 ··························· 117 6.4.2 参数设定方法 ····················· 118 6.4.3 举例 ································· 118 6.5 将音调(左右平衡)音效 设为…… ································118 6.6 清除音效································118 6.6.1 指令解析 ··························· 118 6.6.2 举例 ································· 118 6.7 将音量设为……% 和将音量 增加…… ································119 6.7.1 指令解析 ··························· 119 6.7.2 举例 ································· 119 6.8 音量 ·····································119 6.8.1 指令解析 ···························120 6.8.2 举例 ·································120 第7 章 事件类指令详解 ……… 121 7.1 当“小绿旗”被单击 ·················121 7.1.1 指令解析 ···························121 7.1.2 举例 ·································121 7.2 当按下……键 ··························122 7.2.1 指令解析 ···························122 7.2.2 综合实例 ···························122 7.3 当角色被单击 ··························122 7.3.1 指令解析 ···························122 7.3.2 举例 ·································122 7.4 当背景换成…… ·······················123 7.4.1 指令解析 ···························123 7.4.2 举例 ·································123 7.5 当响度(计时器)大于…… ·········123 7.5.1 指令解析 ···························123 7.5.2 举例 ·································124 7.6 广播……和当接收到…… ···········124 7.6.1 指令解析 ···························124 7.6.2 参数设定方法 ·····················125 7.6.3 综合实例 ···························125 7.7 广播……并等待 ·······················127 7.7.1 指令解析 ···························128 7.7.2 举例 ·································128 第8 章 控制类指令详解 ……… 129 8.1 等待……秒 ·····························129 8.1.1 指令解析 ···························129 8.1.2 举例 ·································129 8.2 重复执行……次和重复执行 ·········130 8.2.1 指令解析 ···························130 8.2.2 举例 ·································130 8.3 如果……那么…… ····················130 8.3.1 指令解析 ···························130 X I I I 目 录 8.3.2 举例 ·································131 8.4 如果……那么……否则…… ·········131 8.4.1 指令解析 ···························131 8.4.2 举例 ·································131 8.5 等待……································132 8.5.1 指令解析 ···························132 8.5.2 参数设定方法 ·····················132 8.5.3 举例 ·································132 8.6 重复执行直到…… ····················132 8.6.1 指令解析 ···························132 8.6.2 举例 ·································132 8.7 停止……································133 8.7.1 指令解析 ···························133 8.7.2 举例 ·································133 8.8 克隆指令································133 8.8.1 指令解析 ···························133 8.8.2 参数设定方法 ·····················134 8.8.3 举例 ·································134 8.8.4 综合实例 ···························135 第9 章 侦测类指令详解 ……… 137 9.1 碰到……？ ·····························137 9.1.1 指令解析 ···························137 9.1.2 举例 ·································137 9.2 碰到颜色……？ ·······················138 9.2.1 指令解析 ···························138 9.2.2 举例 ·································138 9.3 颜色……碰到……？ ·················139 9.3.1 指令解析 ···························139 9.3.2 举例 ·································139 9.4 到……的距离 ··························139 9.4.1 指令解析 ···························140 9.4.2 举例 ·································140 9.5 询问……并等待和回答 ··············140 9.5.1 指令解析 ···························140 9.5.2 举例 ·································140 9.6 按下……键？ ··························141 9.6.1 指令解析 ···························141 9.6.2 举例 ·································141 9.7 按下鼠标？ ·····························141 9.7.1 指令解析 ···························141 9.7.2 举例 ·································141 9.8 鼠标的x 坐标和鼠标的y 坐标 ······142 9.8.1 指令解析 ···························142 9.8.2 举例 ·································142 9.9 将拖动模式设为…… ·················142 9.9.1 指令解析 ···························142 9.9.2 举例 ·································142 9.10 响度 ····································143 9.10.1 指令解析 ························143 9.10.2 举例 ·····························143 9.11 计时器和计时器归零 ················143 9.11.1 指令解析 ························143 9.11.2 综合实例 ························144 9.12 舞台(角色)的…… ················144 9.12.1 指令解析 ························144 9.12.2 综合实例 ························145 9.13 当前时间的…… ·····················147 9.13.1 指令解析 ························147 9.13.2 综合实例 ························147 9.14 2000 年至今的天数 ··················149 9.14.1 指令解析 ························149 X I V Scratch3.0编 程 基 础 及 指 令 详 解 9.14.2 举例 ·····························149 9.15 用户名 ·································149 9.15.1 指令解析 ························149 9.15.2 举例 ·····························149 第10 章 运算类指令详解 ……… 150 10.1 算术运算 ······························150 10.1.1 指令解析 ························150 10.1.2 参数设定方法 ··················150 10.1.3 举例 ·····························150 10.2 在……和……之间取随机数 ·······151 10.2.1 指令解析 ························151 10.2.2 综合实例 ························151 10.3 比较运算 ······························152 10.3.1 指令解析 ························152 10.3.2 综合实例 ························152 10.4 逻辑运算指令 ························153 10.4.1 指令解析 ························153 10.4.2 举例 ·····························153 10.5 连接……和…… ·····················154 10.5.1 指令解析 ························154 10.5.2 参数设定方法 ··················154 10.5.3 举例 ·····························154 10.6 (字符串)的第……个字符 ·······154 10.6.1 指令解析 ························154 10.6.2 举例 ·····························154 10.7 字符串中的字符数 ···················155 10.7.1 指令解析 ························155 10.7.2 举例 ·····························155 10.8 某个字符串中包含某个字符？ ····155 10.8.1 指令解析 ························155 10.8.2 举例 ·····························155 10.9 ……除以……的余数 ················155 10.9.1 指令解析 ························156 10.9.2 举例 ·····························156 10.10 四舍五入…… ·······················156 10.10.1 指令解析 ·····················156 10.10.2 举例···························156 10.11 绝对值(等)…… ·················156 10.11.1 指令解析 ·····················157 10.11.2 举例 ···························157 第11 章 变量类指令详解 ……… 160 11.1 猫咪走路速度 ························160 11.1.1 指令解析 ························160 11.1.2 参数设定方法 ··················160 11.1.3 综合实例 ························161 11.2 将……设为…… ······················162 11.3 将……增加…… ······················162 11.4 显示变量…… ························163 11.5 隐藏变量…… ························163 11.6 歌单 ····································163 11.6.1 指令解析 ························164 11.6.2 参数设定方法 ··················164 11.6.3 综合实例 ························164 11.7 将……加入…… ······················169 11.7.1 指令解析 ························169 11.7.2 参数设定方法 ··················169 11.8 删除……的第……项 ················169 11.8.1 指令解析 ························169 11.8.2 参数设定方法 ··················169 11.9 在……的第……项前插入…… ····170 X V 目 录 11.9.1 指令解析 ························170 11.9.2 参数设定方法 ··················170 11.10 将……的第……项替换为…… ···170 11.10.1 指令解析 ·····················170 11.10.2 参数设定方法 ···············170 11.11 ……的第……项 ····················171 11.11.1 指令解析 ·····················171 11.11.2 参数设定方法 ···············171 11.12 列表其他指令 ·······················171 11.12.1 指令解析 ·····················171 11.12.2 综合实例 ·····················172 第12 章 自制积木指令详解 …… 173 12.1 自制**个积木 ·····················173 12.1.1 为自制积木命名 ···············173 12.1.2 定义“跳舞”的功能 ·········174 12.1.3 运行程序 ························174 12.2 添加输入项(数字或文本) ·······174 12.3 添加布尔值输入项和添加文本 标签 ····································176 12.3.1 自制积木“猫咪走路……？” ···176 12.3.2 使用自制积木编写代码 ·······176 12.4 运行时是否刷新屏幕 ················176 12.4.1 是否刷新屏幕 ····················176 12.4.2 实例 ·······························177 12.4.3 运行程序 ··························177 12.5 综合实例一 ···························177 12.5.1 新建角色 ························177 12.5.2 自制新积木 ·····················177 12.5.3 为角色编写代码 ···············177 12.6 综合实例二 ···························178 12.6.1 新建角色 ························178 12.6.2 自制新积木 ·····················178 12.6.3 为角色编写代码 ···············179 第13 章 画笔类指令详解 ……… 180 13.1 全部擦除指令解析 ···················180 13.2 图章 ····································180 13.2.1 指令解析 ························180 13.2.2 举例 ·····························180 13.3 落笔和抬笔 ···························181 13.3.1 指令解析 ························181 13.3.2 举例 ·····························181 13.4 画笔的粗细和颜色等设置 ··········181 13.4.1 指令解析即参数设置 ·········181 13.4.2 举例 ·····························182 13.4.3 综合实例 ························182 第14 章 音乐类指令详解 ……… 185 14.1 击打(……)(……)拍 ··········186 14.1.1 指令解析 ························186 14.1.2 参数设定方法 ··················187 14.1.3 举例 ·····························187 14.2 休止……拍 ···························187 14.2.1 指令解析 ························187 14.2.2 参数设定方法 ··················187 14.2.3 举例 ·····························187 14.3 演奏音符(……)(……)拍 ······188 14.3.1 指令解析 ························188 14.3.2 参数设定方法 ··················188 14.3.3 举例 ·····························188 14.4 将乐器设为…… ·····················188 14.4.1 指令解析 ························189 X V I Scratch3.0编 程 基 础 及 指 令 详 解 14.4.2 参数设定方法 ··················189 14.4.3 举例 ·····························189 14.5 将演奏速度设定为…… ·············189 14.5.1 指令解析 ························189 14.5.2 参数设定方法 ··················189 14.5.3 举例 ·····························189 14.6 将演奏速度增加…… ················190 14.7 演奏速度 ······························190 第15 章 视频侦测类指令详解 … 191 15.1 视频侦测概述 ························191 15.1.1 添加扩展 ························191 15.1.2 视频侦测原理 ··················191 15.1.3 视频侦测指令 ··················192 15.2 当视频运动大于…… ················192 15.2.1 指令解析 ························192 15.2.2 参数设定方法 ··················192 15.2.3 举例 ·····························192 15.3 相当于……的视频…… ·············192 15.3.1 指令解析 ························193 15.3.2 参数设定方法 ··················193 15.3.3 举例 ·····························193 15.4 ……摄像头 ···························193 15.4.1 指令解析 ························193 15.4.2 参数设定方法 ··················193 15.5 将视频透明度设为…… ·············193 15.5.1 指令解析 ························193 15.5.2 参数设定方法 ··················194 15.5.3 综合实例 ························194 第16 章 翻译类指令详解 ……… 196 16.1 添加扩展 ······························196 16.2 将……译为…… ·····················196 16.3 访客语言 ······························196 0 0 1