Django 3.0入门与实践

目录 第1章 走进Django的世界 ················1 1.1 认识Django ··································1 1.2 版本选择 ·····································1 1.3 搭建开发环境 ·······························2 1.3.1 安装Python ································2 1.3.2 安装Django ································2 第2章 Web开发框架 ·······················4 2.1 Socket编程 ··································4 2.2 MTV框架 ····································6 第3章 搭建**个Django网站 ··········8 3.1 创建项目 ·····································8 3.2 运行项目 ·····································9 3.3 创建投票应用 ·····························10 3.4 开发**个视图 ··························11 3.5 配置数据库 ································12 3.6 创建模型 ···································13 3.7 激活模型 ···································14 3.8 Django管理页面 ··························15 3.9 向管理页面中添加投票应用 ···········16 3.10 添加视图 ··································18 3.10.1 扩展视图 ································19 3.10.2 处理404错误 ··························21 3.11 使用模板系统 ····························22 3.11.1 模板中的超链接 ·······················23 3.11.2 为超链接添加命名空间 ··············23 3.12 HTML表单 ·······························24 3.13 添加样式 ··································27 3.14 本地化 ·····································28 3.15 小结 ········································29 第4章 django-admin和manage.py ····30 4.1 help ··········································31 4.2 version·······································32 4.3 check ········································32 4.4 compilemessages ··························32 4.5 createcachetable ····························34 4.6 dbshell ·······································34 4.7 diffsettings ··································35 4.8 dumpdata····································35 4.9 flush··········································36 4.10 inspectdb ··································36 4.11 loaddata ····································38 4.12 makemessages ····························38 4.13 startproject ································39 4.14 startapp ····································39 4.15 runserver···································40 4.16 sendtestemail······························40 4.17 shell ········································41 4.18 迁移 ········································41 4.18.1 makemigrations ························41 4.18.2 migrate ···································42 4.18.3 sqlmigrate ·······························43 4.18.4 showmigrations ·························43 4.19 changepassword ··························44 4.20 createsuperuser ···························44 4.21 collectstatic································44 4.22 findstatic ···································45 4.23 默认选项 ··································45 第5章 配置 ···································46 5.1 Django配置文件 ··························46 5.1.1 引用Django配置信息 ·······················47 5.1.2 django.setup ·········································47 5.2 Cache ······················································48 5.2.1 CACHES ·············································48 5.2.2 CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ALIAS: ····49 5.2.3 CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX: ··············································49 5.2.4 CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS: ··········································49 5.3 数据库 ····················································50 5.3.1 DATABASES ······································50 5.3.2 DATABASE_ROUTERS ····················54 5.3.3 DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE···57 5.3.4 DEFAULT_TABLESPACE ·················57 5.4 调试 ························································57 5.4.1 DEBUG ···············································57 5.4.2 DEBUG_PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS ·····································58 5.5 电子邮件 ················································58 5.5.1 ADMINS ·············································58 5.5.2 DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL ················59 5.5.3 EMAIL_BACKEND ···························59 5.5.4 EMAIL_HOST ····································59 5.5.5 EMAIL_HOST_USER ························59 5.5.6 EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD ·············59 5.5.7 EMAIL_PORT ·····································59 5.5.8 EMAIL_TIMEOUT ·····························59 5.5.9 SERVER_EMAIL ································59 5.5.10 MANAGERS ·····································60 5.6 文件上传 ················································60 5.6.1 DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE ·············60 5.6.2 FILE_CHARSET ·································60 5.6.3 FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS ···········60 5.6.4 FILE_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE ·····················································60 5.6.5 FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS·······60 5.6.6 FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS ···································60 5.6.7 FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR ·············61 5.6.8 MEDIA_ROOT ···································61 5.6.9 MEDIA_URL ······································61 5.6.10 静态文件 ···········································62 5.7 表单 ························································63 5.8 国际化（i18n/l10n） ································63 5.8.1 DECIMAL_SEPARATOR···················63 5.8.2 NUMBER_GROUPING ·····················63 5.8.3 THOUSAND_SEPARATOR ···············65 5.8.4 USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR ·····66 5.8.5 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK ···················66 5.8.6 DATE_FORMAT ·································66 5.8.7 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS ·················66 5.8.8 DATETIME_FORMAT ·······················67 5.8.9 SHORT_DATE_FORMAT ··················67 5.8.10 SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT ······67 5.8.11 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS ·····67 5.8.12 TIME_FORMAT ·······························68 5.8.13 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS ···············68 5.8.14 YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT ·············68 5.8.15 MONTH_DAY_FORMAT ················68 5.8.16 TIME_ZONE ·····································69 5.8.17 LANGUAGE_CODE ························69 5.8.18 LANGUAGE_COOKIE_AGE ··········69 5.8.19 LANGUAGE_COOKIE_DOMAIN ···········································69 5.8.20 LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME ······70 5.8.21 LANGUAGE_COOKIE_PATH ········70 5.8.22 LANGUAGES ···································70 5.8.23 LANGUAGES_BIDI·························70 5.8.24 LOCALE_PATHS ······························70 5.8.25 USE_I18N ·········································70 5.8.26 USE_L10N ········································71 5.8.27 USE_TZ ·············································71 5.8.28 Python datetime语法 ························71 5.9 HTTP ······················································71 5.9.1 DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE ·····················································71 5.9.2 DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS ················································72 5.9.3 DEFAULT_CHARSET ·······················72 5.9.4 DISALLOWED_USER_AGENTS ·····72 5.9.5 FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME ···················72 5.9.6 INTERNAL_IPS ·································72 5.9.7 SECURE_BROWSER_XSS_FILTER ················································73 5.9.8 SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF·············································73 5.9.9 SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS ···································73 5.9.10 SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD ············73 5.9.11 SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS ············73 5.9.12 SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER ·············································74 5.9.13 SECURE_REDIRECT_EXEMPT ····74 5.9.14 SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY ·····75 5.9.15 SECURE_SSL_HOST ·······················75 5.9.16 SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT ·············75 5.9.17 SIGNING_BACKEND ·····················75 5.9.18 WSGI_APPLICATION ·····················75 5.10 安全 ······················································75 5.10.1 SECRET_KEY ··································75 5.10.2 ALLOWED_HOSTS ·························76 5.11 CSRF ····················································76 5.11.1 CSRF_COOKIE_AGE ······················76 5.11.2 CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN ··············77 5.11.3 CSRF_COOKIE_HTTPONLY ··········77 5.11.4 CSRF_COOKIE_NAME ···················77 5.11.5 CSRF_COOKIE_PATH ·····················77 5.11.6 CSRF_COOKIE_SAMESITE ···········77 5.11.7 CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE ···············77 5.11.8 CSRF_USE_SESSIONS ····················78 5.11.9 CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW ···················78 5.11.10 CSRF_HEADER_NAME ················78 5.11.11 CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS ·········78 5.11.12 代码示例 ·········································78 5.12 模型 ······················································81 5.12.1 ABSOLUTE_URL_OVERRIDES ····81 5.12.2 FIXTURE_DIRS ·······························81 5.12.3 INSTALLED_APPS ··························81 5.13 日志 ······················································81 5.13.1 LOGGING ·········································81 5.13.2 LOGGING_CONFIG ························82 5.14 模板 ······················································82 5.15 URLs ····················································83 5.15.1 ROOT_URLCONF ····························83 5.15.2 APPEND_SLASH ·····························83 5.15.3 PREPEND_WWW ····························84 5.16 其他 ······················································84 5.16.1 DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER_FILTER ························84 5.16.2 MIDDLEWARE ································84 第6章 后台管理页面 ·······················85 6.1 ModelAdmin属性 ·································85 6.1.1 date_hierarchy ·····································86 6.1.2 actions_on_top/actions_on_bottom ·····88 6.1.3 actions_selection_counter ····················88 6.1.4 empty_value_display ···························89 6.1.5 exclude ·················································90 6.1.6 fi elds·····················································91 6.1.7 fi eldsets ················································92 6.1.8 fi lter_horizontal ···································94 6.1.9 fi lter_vertical ········································95 6.1.10 form ···················································96 6.1.11 formfi eld_overrides ····························96 6.1.12 inlines·················································97 6.1.13 list_display ·········································97 6.1.14 list_display_links ·····························100 6.1.15 list_editable ······································101 6.1.16 list_fi lter ···········································102 6.1.17 list_per_page ····································102 6.1.18 list_max_show_all ···························103 6.1.19 list_select_related ····························103 6.1.20 ordering ············································104 6.1.21 paginator ··········································104 6.1.22 prepopulated_fi elds ··························104 6.1.23 preserve_fi lters·································104 6.1.24 radio_fi elds ······································105 6.1.25 autocomplete_fi elds ·························105 6.1.26 raw_id_fi elds ···································106 6.1.27 readonly_fi elds·································107 6.1.28 save_as ·············································107 6.1.29 save_as_continue ·····························107 6.1.30 save_on_top ·····································108 6.1.31 search_fi elds ····································108 6.1.32 show_full_result_count ···················110 6.1.33 sortable_by·······································110 6.1.34 view_on_site ····································110 6.1.35 自定义模板 ····································· 111 6.2 ModelAdmin 方法 ·······························112 6.2.1 save_model ········································112 6.2.2 delete_model ······································113 6.2.3 delete_queryset ··································113 6.2.4 save_formset ······································113 6.2.5 get_ordering ·······································114 6.2.6 get_search_results() ···························114 6.2.7 save_related ·······································114 6.2.8 get_autocomplete_fi elds ····················115 6.2.9 get_readonly_fi elds ····························115 6.2.10 get_prepopulated_fi elds ···················115 6.2.11 get_list_display ································115 6.2.12 get_list_display_links ······················115 6.2.13 get_exclude ······································115 6.2.14 get_fi elds ··········································115 6.2.15 get_fi eldsets ·····································115 6.2.16 get_list_fi lter ····································115 6.2.17 get_list_select_related ·····················116 6.2.18 get_search_fi elds ·····························116 6.2.19 get_sortable_by ································116 6.2.20 get_inline_instances·························116 6.2.21 get_inlines ········································116 6.2.22 get_urls ············································116 6.2.23 get_form···········································117 6.2.24 get_formsets_with_inlines ···············117 6.2.25 formfi eld_for_foreignKey ···············118 6.2.26 formfi eld_for_manytomany ·············118 6.2.27 formfi eld_for_choice_fi eld ··············118 6.2.28 get_changelist ··································119 6.2.29 get_changelist_form ························119 6.2.30 get_changelist_formset ····················119 6.2.31 lookup_allowed ·······························119 6.2.32 has_view_permission·······················120 6.2.33 has_add_permission·························120 6.2.34 has_change_permission ···················120 6.2.35 has_delete_permission ·····················120 6.2.36 has_module_permission ··················120 6.2.37 get_queryset ·····································120 6.2.38 message_user ···································121 6.2.39 get_paginator ···································121 6.2.40 response_add ···································121 6.2.41 response_change ······························121 6.2.42 response_delete ································121 6.2.43 get_changeform_initial_data ···········122 6.2.44 get_deleted_objects ·························122 6.2.45 add_view ··········································123 6.2.46 change_view ····································123 6.2.47 changelist_view ·······························123 6.2.48 delete_view ······································123 6.2.49 history_view ····································123 6.3 ModelAdmin资源 ·······························123 6.4 定制验证功能 ······································124 6.5 InlineModelAdmin ·······························124 6.5.1 InlineModelAdmin.model ·················125 6.5.2 InlineModelAdmin.fk_name ·············125 6.5.3 InlineModelAdmin.formset ···············125 6.5.4 InlineModelAdmin.form····················125 6.5.5 InlineModelAdmin.classes ················125 6.5.6 InlineModelAdmin.extra ···················125 6.5.7 InlineModelAdmin.max_num ···········126 6.5.8 InlineModelAdmin.min_num ············126 6.5.9 InlineModelAdmin.raw_id_fi elds······127 6.5.10 InlineModelAdmin.template············128 6.5.11 InlineModelAdmin.verbose_name ···128 6.5.12 InlineModelAdmin.verbose_name_plural ················································128 6.5.13 InlineModelAdmin.can_delete ········128 6.5.14 InlineModelAdmin.show_change_link ···················································129 6.5.15 InlineModelAdmin.get_formset(request, obj=None, **kwargs) ·······129 6.5.16 InlineModelAdmin.get_extra(request,obj=None, **kwargs) ······················129 6.5.17 InlineModelAdmin.get_max_num(request, obj=None, **kwargs) ·······129 6.5.18 InlineModelAdmin.get_min_num(request, obj=None, **kwargs) ·······130 6.5.19 InlineModelAdmin.has_add_permission(request, obj) ··················130 6.5.20 InlineModelAdmin.has_change_permission(request, obj=None) ·······130 6.5.21 InlineModelAdmin.has_delete_permission(request, obj=None) ·······130 6.5.22 使用中间模型处理 ManyToMany关系 ·················································130 6.6 重写管理后台模板 ······························131 6.6.1 新建管理后台模板 ···························131 6.6.2 重写与替换 ·······································133 6.6.3 可重写模板 ·······································134 6.6.4 根模板和登录模板 ···························134 6.7 AdminSite ·············································134 6.7.1 重写AdminSite ·································134 6.7.2 多管理后台的实现 ···························136 第7章 路由系统 ···························137 7.1 Django处理HTTP请求的流程 ·········137 7.2 URLconf示例 ······································137 7.3 URL参数类型转化器 ·························138 7.4 自定义URL参数类型转化器 ············138 7.5 使用正则表达式 ··································140 7.6 导入其他URLconf ······························140 7.7 向视图传递额外参数 ··························141 7.8 动态生成URL ·····································142 7.9 URL名字和命名空间 ·························143 第8章 模型 ·································145 8.1 模型简介 ··············································145 8.2 使用模型 ··············································145 8.3 字段 ······················································146 8.3.1 AutoField ···········································146 8.3.2 BigAutoField ·····································146 8.3.3 BinaryField ········································146 8.3.4 BooleanField ······································146 8.3.5 CharField ···········································147 8.3.6 DateField ···········································147 8.3.7 DateTimeField ···································148 8.3.8 DecimalField ·····································148 8.3.9 EmailField ·········································149 8.3.10 FileField ···········································149 8.3.11 FilePathField ····································150 8.3.12 FloatField ·········································151 8.3.13 ImageField ·······································151 8.3.14 IntegerField ······································151 8.3.15 GenericIPAddressField ····················151 8.3.16 PositiveIntegerField ·························152 8.3.17 PositiveSmallIntegerField ···············152 8.3.18 SlugField ··········································152 8.3.19 SmallIntegerField ····························152 8.3.20 TextField ··········································152 8.3.21 TimeField ·········································152 8.3.22 URLField ·········································152 8.3.23 UUIDField ·······································152 8.4 字段参数 ··············································153 8.4.1 ·····················································153 8.4.2 blank ··················································153 8.4.3 choices ···············································153 8.4.4 default ················································156 8.4.5 help_text ············································156 8.4.6 primary_Key ······································156 8.4.7 unique ················································156 8.4.8 verbose_name ····································156 8.5 表与表之间关系 ··································157 8.5.1 多对一关系 ·······································157 8.5.2 多对多关系 ·······································157 8.5.3 一对一关系 ·······································158 8.6 模型元属性 ··········································158 8.7 元属性 ··················································158 8.7.1 abstract ···············································159 8.7.2 app_label ············································159 8.7.3 base_manager_name ··························159 8.7.4 db_table ·············································159 8.7.5 get_latest_by ······································159 8.7.6 order_with_respect_to ·······················159 8.7.7 ordering ··············································160 8.7.8 Indexes ···············································160 8.7.9 constraints ··········································161 8.7.10 verbose_name ··································161 8.7.11 verbose_name_plural ·······················161 8.8 Manager 类 ···········································161 8.8.1 自定义Manager类 ···························162 8.8.2 直接执行SQL语句 ··························162 8.8.3 执行存储过程 ···································165 8.9 数据增删改查 ······································165 8.10 数据操作进阶——QuerySets ···········171 8.10.1 创建对象 ·········································172 8.10.2 修改对象 ·········································172 8.10.3 更新ForeignKey ·····························172 8.10.4 更新ManyToManyField ·················173 8.10.5 数据查询 ·········································174 8.10.6 链式过滤器 ·····································179 8.10.7 查询条件 ·········································180 8.10.8 模型深度检索 ·································183 8.10.9 多条件查询 ·····································184 8.10.10 主键查询 ·······································185 8.10.11 查询条件中的%和_ ···················185 8.10.12 F()函数 ·········································186 8.10.13 Func()表达式································187 8.10.14 QuerySet和缓存 ···························188 8.10.15 复杂查询与Q对象 ······················189 8.10.16 模型比较 ·······································190 8.10.17 复制模型实例 ·······························190 8.10.18 批量更新 ·······································190 8.10.19 模型关系 ·······································191 第9章 视图 ·································193 9.1 视图结构 ··············································193 9.2 HTTP状态处理 ···································193 9.3 快捷方式 ··············································195 9.3.1 render_to_string() ······························195 9.3.2 render() ··············································195 9.3.3 redirect() ············································196 9.3.4 get_object_or_404()···························197 9.3.5 get_list_or_404() ·······························198 9.4 视图装饰器 ··········································198 9.4.1 HTTP方法装饰器 ····························199 9.4.2 GZip压缩 ··········································199 9.4.3 Vary ····················································200 9.4.4 缓存 ···················································201 9.5 Django内置视图 ·································202 9.5.1 serve ···················································202 9.5.2 错误视图 ···········································203 9.6 HttpRequest对象 ·································204 9.6.1 属性 ···················································204 9.6.2 中间件属性 ·······································205 9.6.3 方法 ···················································206 9.6.4 QueryDict对象 ·································207 9.7 HttpResponse对象 ·······························208 9.7.1 属性 ···················································209 9.7.2 方法 ···················································210 9.7.3 HttpResponse子类 ····························211 9.7.4 JsonResponse ·····································211 9.7.5 FileResponse ······································212 9.8 TemplateResponse对象 ·······················212 9.8.1 SimpleTemplateResponse对象 ·········212 9.8.2 TemplateResponse对象 ····················213 9.8.3 TemplateResponse对象渲染过程 ····214 9.8.4 回调函数 ···········································215 9.8.5 使用TemplateResponse对象 ···········215 9.9 文件上传 ··············································216 9.9.1 单一文件上传 ···································216 9.9.2 多文件上传 ·······································218 9.9.3 临时文件 ···········································219 9.10 类视图 ················································219 9.10.1 类视图入门 ·····································219 9.10.2 继承类视图 ·····································220 9.11 通用视图 ············································220 9.11.1 通用视图 ·········································220 9.11.2 修改通用视图属性 ·························222 9.11.3 添加额外的上下文对象 ·················222 9.11.4 queryset属性 ···································223 9.11.5 动态过滤 ·········································224 9.11.6 通用视图与模型 ·····························225 9.12 表单视图 ············································225 9.12.1 编辑表单视图 ·································226 9.12.2 当前用户 ·········································228 第10章 模板 ·······························230 10.1 加载模板 ············································230 10.2 模板语言 ············································231 10.2.1 变量 ·················································231 10.2.2 标签 ·················································232 10.2.3 人性化语义标签 ·····························236 10.2.4 过滤器 ·············································239 10.2.5 注释 ·················································241 10.3 自定义标签和过滤器 ························241 10.3.1 编写自定义过滤器 ·························242 10.3.2 编写自定义标签 ·····························243 10.4 模板继承 ············································244 第11章 表单系统 ·························250 11.1 Form类 ··············································250 11.2 表单字段类型 ····································251 11.3 表单字段通用属性 ····························255 11.4 表单与模板 ········································255 第12章 中间件 ····························257 12.1 缓存中间件 ········································257 12.2 通用中间件 ········································258 12.3 GZip中间件 ·······································258 12.4 有条件的GET中间件 ······················258 12.5 语言环境的中间件 ····························258 12.6 消息中间件 ········································259 12.7 安全中间件 ········································259 12.8 会话中间件 ········································259 12.9 站点中间件 ········································259 12.10 身份验证中间件 ······························259 12.11 CSRF保护中间件 ···························260 12.12 X-Frame-Options中间件 ·················260 12.13 中间件排序 ······································260 12.14 开发中间件 ······································261 第13章 自动化测试 ······················263 13.1 编写**个测试用例 ························263 13.2 执行测试用例 ····································264 13.3 修改代码中的bug ·····························264 13.4 边界值测试 ········································265 13.5 测试自定义视图 ································266 13.6 测试DetailView ·································268 第14章 国际化和本地化 ················270 14.1 名词解释 ············································270 14.2 翻译概述 ············································271 14.3 在Python中进行国际化 ···················271 14.3.1 注释 ·················································272 14.3.2 空操作 ·············································273 14.3.3 复数 ·················································273 14.3.4 上下文标记 ·····································274 14.3.5 延迟翻译 ·········································275 14.3.6 本地化的语言名 ·····························276 14.4 编写模板代码 ····································277 14.4.1 trans ·················································277 14.4.2 blocktrans·········································278 14.4.3 注释 ·················································279 14.5 翻译原理 ············································279 第15章 安全 ·······························282 15.1 网络攻击与保护 ································282 15.1.1 跨站脚本攻击 ·································282 15.1.2 跨站请求伪造攻击 ·························283 15.1.3 SQL注入 ·········································284 15.1.4 点击劫持 ·········································284 15.2 检查配置信息 ····································284 第16章 部署 ·······························286 16.1 WSGI和Application对象 ················286 16.2 Ubuntu部署Django ··························286 16.2.1 查看系统版本 ·································286 16.2.2 更换国内源 ·····································286 16.2.3 查看Python版本 ····························287 16.2.4 安装pip3 ·········································288 16.2.5 安装nginx ·······································289 16.2.6 安装Django ····································289 16.2.7 安装uwsgi ·······································289 16.2.8 命令行运行网站 ·····························290 16.2.9 配置uwsgi ·······································290 16.2.10 配置nginx ·····································291 16.2.11 启动网站 ·······································291 16.2.12 设置静态文件 ·······························292 16.2.13 自启动服务 ···································293 16.3 CentOS部署Django ··························293 16.3.1 查看系统版本 ·································293 16.3.2 更换国内源 ·····································294 16.3.3 更新Python ·····································294 16.3.4 安装Django ····································296 16.3.5 安装uwsgi ·······································296 16.3.6 命令行运行网站 ·····························296 16.3.7 配置uwsgi ·······································296 16.3.8 安装nginx ·······································297 16.3.9 自启动服务 ·····································298 附录A 语言码 ······························299 附录B 日期格式化字符串 ···············301