西方文明

Part One The Ancient World (3000 BC–500 AD) Chapter 1 Civilization in Mesopotamia2 1 The Earliest Cities and Empires2 2 Society, Culture, and Religion in Mesopotamia3 3 The Hebrews and Their Religion4 4 The Phoenicians6 Chapter 2 The Civilization of the Greeks9 1 Early Greece: Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Civilization9 2 The Archaic Age of Greek City-States (c 750 BC–c 500 BC)10 3 Classical Greece (500 BC–338 BC)13 4 Culture in Classical Greece14 Chapter 3 The Hellenistic World27 1 Conquest of Alexander27 2 Life in Hellenistic World27 3 Religion and Philosophy29 4 Science in Alexandria30 Chapter 4 The Rise and Fall of Rome33 1 Roman Republic33 2 Roman Empire35 3 The Fall of Roman Empire37 4 Literature and Historiography40 5 Science and Medicine42 6 The Rise and Development of Christianity43 Part Two Medieval Civilization 500–1300 Chapter 5 The Germanic Kingdoms51 1 The Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy51 2 The Visigothic Kingdom in Spain51 3 The Vandals' Kingdom in Carthage52 4 The Frankish Kingdom52 5 Anglo-Saxon England53 Chapter 6 The Byzantine Empire55 1 The Reign of Justinian (527–565)55 2 From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire55 3 Byzantine Culture56 Chapter 7 The Rise and Expansion of Islam59 1 Mohammed59 2 Arabic Conquests and the Caliphate60 3 The Faith of Islam60 4 The Culture of Islam61 Chapter 8 Remaking of Europe66 1 The World of the Carolingians66 2 The Rise of Western Europe68 3 Central and Eastern Europe of the Slavs70 Chapter 9 Feudal Europe73 1 Feudalism73 2 Growth of Feudal States76 Chapter 10 The Medieval Church82 1 Christian Doctrine82 2 Gregory the Great83 3 Early Church Fathers84 4 Monastic Reform Movements86 5 Investiture Struggle87 6 The Crusades89 Chapter 11 Medieval Culture94 1 The Rise of Universities94 2 Thirteenth-Century Learning95 3 Christian Architecture97 Part Three Early Modern Europe 1300–1650 Chapter 12 An Age of Discovery and Expansion107 1 Portugal and the African Route108 2 Spain and the Atlantic Route109 3 The Spanish Administration in the New World 111 4 Impact of Expansion 113 Chapter 13 The Renaissance116 1 Renaissance Italy 116 2 The Hundred Years' War 118 3 New Monarchies 118 4 Humanism122 5 Renaissance Art126 Chapter 14 The Reformation133 1 Decay of the Church133 2 The Awakening Reform Spirit134 3 Political and Social Influence135 4 The Revolt of Luther: “Justification by Faith”136 5 Calvin and the Elect: “Predestination”138 6 Henry Ⅷ and the Church of England139 7 The Roman Catholic Response141 Chapter 15 Politics and Religious Wars146 1 The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)146 2 Philip Ⅱ's Spain and the Revolt of the Netherlands147 3 The England of Elizabeth148 4 Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)150 Chapter 16 Two Systems of State: Absolutism and Constitutional Monarchy154 1 Theory of Absolutism155 2 Absolutism in France: Louis ⅩⅣ 156 3 Absolutism in Germany: Prussia and Austria158 4 Emergence of Russia159 5 England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy160 Chapter 17 The Beginning of Modern Capitalism165 1 New Forms of Business Organization166 2 The Rise of Modern Banking167 3 Mercantilism and Overseas Colonies168 Part Four The Rise of the Modern West 1600–1850 Chapter 18 Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science175 1 Revolution in Astronomy: Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo,and Newton175 2 Advances in Medicine179 3 Scientific Societies and Organizations180 Chapter 19 Emancipation of Philosophy:Empiricism and Skepticism185 1 Michel Eyquem de Montaigne: Skepticism and Religious Tolerance185 2 Francis Bacon: New Approach to Knowledge186 3 René Descartes188 4 John Locke: Tabula Rasa188 5 David Hume: An Outright Skeptic189 Chapter 20 The Intellectual Enlightenment194 1 The Growth of Doubt195 2 Vision of Progress200 3 Culture202 Chapter 21 The Secularization of Political Theory: Social Contract207 1 Thomas Hobbes208 2 Samuel Pufendorf209 3 John Locke209 4 Baruch Spinoza209 5 Jean-Jacques Rousseau 211 Chapter 22 New Developments in Law and Legal Philosophy214 1 The Doctrine of Natural Law214 2 The Rise of International Law215 3 Other Legal Philosophies217 Chapter 23 An Era of Revolution221 1 American Revolution221 2 French Revolution223 Chapter 24 Industrial Revolution231 1 The Mechanization of Industry and Transportation231 2 The Industrial Factory232 3 Spread of Industrial Revolution233 Chapter 25 Utilitarianism and Positivism235 1 Jeremy Bentham235 2 John Stuart Mill237 3 Auguste Comte240 Appendix: Recommended Readings245