曲面几何学

Chapter 1.The Euclidean Plane 1.1 Approaches to Euclidean Geometry 1.2 Isometries 1.3 Rotations and Reflections 1.4 The Three Reflections Theorem 1.5 Orientation-Reversing Isometries 1.6 Distinctive Features of Euclidean Geometry 1.7 Discussion Chapter 2.Euclidean Surfaces 2.1 Euclid on Manifolds 2.2 The Cylinder 2.3 The Twisted Cylinder 2.4 The Torus and the Klein Bottle 2.5 Quotient Surfaces 2.6 A Nondiscontinuous Group 2.7 Euclidean Surfaces 2.8 Covering a Surface by the Plane 2.9 The Covering Isometry Group 2.10 Discussion Chapter 3.The Sphere 3.1 The Sphere S2 in R3 3.2 Rotations 3.3 Stereographic Projection 3.4 Inversion and the Complex Coordinate on the Sphere 3.5 Reflections and Rotations as Complex Functions 3.6 The Antipodal Map and the Elliptic Plane 3.7 Remarks on Groups, Spheres and Projective Spaces 3.8 The Area of a Triangle 3.9 The Regular Polyhedra 3.10 Discussion Chapter 4.The Hyperbolic Plane 4.1 Negative Curvature and the Half-Plane 4.2 The Half-Plane Model and the Conformal Disc Model 4.3 The Three Reflections Theorem 4.4 Isometries as Complex Fnctions 4.5 Geometric Description of Isometries 4.6 Classification of Isometries 4.7 The Area of a Triangle 4.8 The Projective Disc Model 4.9 Hyperbolic Space 4.10 Discussion Chapter 5.Hyperbolic Surfaces 5.1 Hyperbolic Surfaces and the Killing-Hopf Theorem 5.2 The Pseudosphere 5.3 The Punctured Sphere 5.4 Dense Lines on the Punctured Sphere 5.5 General Construction of Hyperbolic Surfaces from Polygons 5.6 Geometric Realization of Compact Surfaces 5.7 Completeness of Compact Geometric Surfaces 5.8 Compact Hyperbolic Surfaces 5.9 Discussion Chapter 6.Paths and Geodesics 6.1 Topological Classification of Surfaces 6.2 Geometric Classification of Surfaces 6.3 Paths and Homotopy 6.4 Lifting Paths and Lifting Homotopies 6.5 The Fundamental Group 6.6 Generators and Relations for the Fundamental Group 6.7 Fundamental Group and Genus 6.8 Closed Geodesic Paths 6.9 Classification of Closed Geodesic Paths 6.10 Discussion Chapter 7.Planar and Spherical TesseUations 7.1 Symmetric Tessellations 7.2 Conditions for a Polygon to Be a Fundamental Region 7.3 The Triangle Tessellations 7.4 Poincarr's Theorem for Compact Polygons 7.5 Discussion Chapter 8.Tessellations of Compact Surfaces 8.1 Orbifolds and Desingularizations 8.2 From Desingularization to Symmetric Tessellation 8.3 Desingularizations as (Branched) Coverings 8.4 Some Methods of Desingularization 8.5 Reduction to a Permutation Problem 8.6 Solution of the Permutation Problem 8.7 Discussion References Index