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城市代谢:理论、方法及应用(英文版)

城市代谢:理论、方法及应用(英文版)

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  • ISBN:9787030720993
  • 装帧:一般胶版纸
  • 册数:暂无
  • 重量:暂无
  • 开本:B5
  • 页数:524
  • 出版时间:2023-03-01
  • 条形码:9787030720993 ; 978-7-03-072099-3

本书特色

本书可供从事环境科学、城市生态学、环境规划与管理专业的本科生、研究生,以及从事相关领域的科研人员开展科学研究参考。

内容简介

随着城市化进程的加快和人民生活水平的提高,资源消耗和污染排放不断加剧,而由于社会经济发展水平的认识,还未构建起完备的资源减量、废弃物循环的技术体系,引发严重的城市生态环境问题,引起了学术界、政府部门和城市管理者的广泛关注。本书作为城市代谢领域的专著,在反映国内外相关领域研究进展和学术思想的基础上,深入探索和创新,突出城市代谢理念、理论与方法的优选性,强调其在城市规划、设计与管理方面的实用性,并突出城市研究的系统性和应用性。全书共11章,分别论述了城市代谢内涵、研究进展、研究框架、核算评价、模型模拟、优化调控、多要素应用案例等内容。

目录

Contents
Preface
Part A Theoretical Framework
Chapter 1 Connotations of Urban Metabolism 3
1.1 The concept of an urban organism and ecosystem 3
1.2 Multi-level similarity of urban systems to organisms 6
1.2.1 Similarity of the structural hierarchy 6
1.2.2 Similarity of the functional mechanisms 7
1.3 Evolution of the concept of an urbanmetabolism 9
1.4 Urban metabolic processes 12
1.4.1 Metabolic phases 12
1.4.2 External and internal flows 13
1.4.3 Anabolism, catabolism, and regulatory metabolism 14
1.4.4 Metabolic linkages 14
1.4.5 Metabolic chains 16
1.4.6 Classification of the metabolic actors 18
1.4.7 Characteristics of the metabolic actors 19
1.5 Urban metabolic characteristics 23
1.5.1 Growth and development 24
1.5.2 Openness and dependency 26
1.5.3 Stability and robustness 27 References 29
Chapter 2 Progress in Urban Metabolism Research 31
2.1 The significance of urban metabolism research 31
2.1.1 Feasibility 31
2.1.2 Necessity 32
2.1.3 Urgency 33
2.2 CiteSpace knowledge mapping analysis 37
2.2.1 The number of publications 38
2.2.2 Collaborative network analysis 38
2.2.3 Discipline co-occurrence analysis 41
2.3 Research frontier analysis 44
2.3.1 Timeline analysis 44
2.3.2 Cluster analysis 49
2.3.3 Burst analysis 51
2.3.4 Cluster analysis for co-cited references 52
2.3.5 Analysis of high-frequency co-cited literature 55
2.4 Development stage of urban metabolism research 57
2.4.1 Early period (1965-1980) 57
2.4.2 Slow growth period (1981-2000) 59
2.4.3 Rising period (2001-present) 61
2.5 Historical evolution of urban metabolism research 64
2.5.1 Accounting evaluation methods 64
2.5.2 Model simulation 65
2.5.3 Application research 67
2.5.4 Scales and boundaries 69 References 72
Chapter 3 Theory, Paradigms, and Technical Methods for Urban Metabolism 83
3.1 Composite ecosystem theory 83
3.1.1 Natural subsystem 83
3.1.2 Socioeconomic subsystem 85
3.1.3 Structural features 86
3.1.4 Balance between pressure and support 89
3.2 Thermodynamics theory 90
3.2.1 Vitality metabolism 90
3.2.2 Entropy 92
3.3 System ecology theory 94
3.3.1 Integration of holism and reductionism 94
3.3.2 Urban metabolism research based on systems ecology 95
3.4 Research paradigms 97
3.4.1 The relationship among the three research paradigms 98
3.4.2 Natural metabolism 99
3.4.3 Socioeconomic metabolism 99
3.4.4 Integrated (hybrid) natural and socioeconomic metabolism paradigm 100
3.5 Technical framework 102 References 105
Part B Methods
Chapter 4 Accounting Evaluation of Urban Metabolism 111
4.1 Material flow analysis 111
4.1.1 Flow accounting 112
4.1.2 Stock accounting 121
4.2 Substance flow analysis 124
4.2.1 Carbon accounting 124
4.2.2 Nitrogen accounting 129
4.3 Emergy analysis 133
4.4 Measuring the system’s evolution 138
4.4.1 Measurement index system 138
4.4.2 Information entropy index 140
4.4.3 Harmonious development model 142
4.5 Measuring interactions between the natural and socioeconomic systems 144
4.5.1 Measurement index system 144
4.5.2 Sustainability index 145 References 147
Chapter 5 Network Models to Simulate Urban Metabolism 150
5.1 Network models based on physical metabolism 150
5.1.1 Urban water metabolic network models 150
5.1.2 Urban energy metabolic network models 154
5.1.3 Urban carbon and nitrogen metabolic network models 158
5.1.4 Urban material metabolic network models 163
5.1.5 Urban emergy metabolic network models 169
5.2 Spatially explicit models based on land use and cover change 171
5.2.1 Principles for developingspatiallyexplicit carbon metabolic network models 171
5.2.2 Spatially explicit models of an urban carbon metabolic network 175
5.3 Network models based on input-output tables 178
5.3.1 Development of an input-output table 179
5.3.2 Compilation of the input-output table based on the material consumption intensity coefficient 183
5.3.3 Analogy between trophic levels and metabolic network models 184
5.3.4 Compilation of the input-output table based on the energy consumption intensity coefficient 188
5.4 Simulation of network characteristics 193
5.4.1 Network structure simulation 193
5.4.2 Network function simulation 197
5.4.3 Network path simulation 205 References 209
Chapter 6 Regulation and Optimization of an Urban Metabolism 213
6.1 Factor decomposition models 213
6.1.1 Decomposition model for an urban carbon metabolism 214
6.1.2 Refine the decomposition model for the social and economic factors 216
6.1.3 Classification model forenergy-related carbon emission 219
6.1.4 Decomposition model for an urban nitrogen metabolism 220
6.1.5 Decomposition model of material metabolism 222
6.2 Deco
展开全部

节选

Part A Theoretical Framework This section of the book focuses on the connotations of urban metabolism research and its associated areas of research, the basic theory, and the resulting theoretical framework for this research. Using the CiteSpace literature analysis tool, I mined the literature to define the knowledge structure, context, and evolution of urban metabolism research. By so doing, I was able to comprehensively summarize the subject’s background, key insights from related fields, and the foundation for urban metabolism research. On this basis, I describe the importance of the study of urban metabolism and establish a technical framework and research paradigm for the research based on the theories of urban complex ecosystems, thermodynamics, and systems ecology. In subsequent chapters, I will demonstrate how this framework supports real-world studies of urban ecosystems and management of these ecosystems to improve their sustainability. Chapter 1 Connotations of Urban Metabolism 1.1 The concept of an urban organism and ecosystem To benefit from the analogies with ecosystems and organisms, which have been rigorously studied by researchers, it is first necessary to understand the relationship between the two. On the one hand, a city resembles an ecosystem because it is composed of multiple components (e.g., sectors such as the manufacturing industry and agriculture) that resemble living organisms because they exchange materials, energy, and information both with each other and with their environment. Ecosystems don’t really have a metabolism, but do have flows of materials and energy that resemble the metabolic flows in an organism. On the other hand, cities are not living bodies with a beating heart, bones, muscles, and nerves, and they don’t have a simple metabolism that provides materials and energy to different parts of the body. The purpose of comparing cities with ecosystems and organisms is to use familiar terminology that makes it easier to understand the complex flows within an urban ecosystem or organism (i.e., its metabolism). In this chapter, I will review how the organism metaphor has been applied to the formation and development of cities, and will explore the similarities between cities and living organisms in terms of their structure and functions. Chengshi is the Chinese word for a city. It is composed of two parts: cheng refers to a defensive area surrounded by walls and a moat, and shi refers to a center for the distribution of materials, energy, information, capital, and people, as well as a place where trade occurs (i.e., a market). Cities were originally centers of agriculture. Subsequently, three new social divisions evolved (animal husbandry, manufacturing of specialized products, and commerce) and cities became increasingly complex. As human society evolved and became increasingly complex, the ability of humans to exploit nature increased, providing an incentive to concentrate on activities such as animal husbandry and agriculture in a defined area to improve labor productivity, leading to the development of early small settlements that became the embryo for a market. At the same time, the exchange of goods between groups of people (e.g., professions such as herding and crop cultivation) created the material conditions for private ownership. As society continued to evolve, the use and improvement of metal tools led to the evolution of craftsmanship and a form of manufacturing industry that was distinct from agriculture. The efficiency permitted by this separation led to the rapid development of commodity production, an increasingly obvious gap between the rich and the poor, and the emergence of settlements dominated by the crafts and by a manufacturing industry. This, in turn led to the continuous growth and development of markets, which function as areas in which exchanges of materials, energy, and information occur. These markets were supported by the emergence of merchants who specialized in trading of various commodities, accompanied by the separation of mental and physical labor. As some merchants grew rich, the continuous accumulation of commercial capital led to continuing maturation of the market. However, the emergence of private ownership led to conflict between early rulers or governments and private owners over which group should control resources. To increase their wealth, some settlements or merchants provoked conflict with others, leading to a need to create a city with walls and a moat to protect its market (i.e., chengshi). This represents an early example of the concept of an organism (the city) that is clearly separated from its external environment. Cities usually developed in areas with suitable natural conditions, such as alluvial plains near bodies of water. By taking advantage of steadily evolving social structures and technologies, cities allowed humans to exploit natural resources more efficiently, thereby al

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