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　　H.G.Wells and Jules Verne， both enjoying the name “father of science fiction”， have produced many notable science fiction works that fall into the hard sci—fi group， including The Time Machine （1895） ， The Island of Doctor Moreau （1896）， The In，visible Man， （1897） ， and The War of th.e Worlds by Wells and A Journey to the Cen，ter of the Earth （1864 ） ， Around the World in 80 Days （1873） ， 20， 000 Leagues Un，der the Sea （1870） by Verne.Related to soft sci—fi or social sci—fi are utopian and dystopian stories； Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World （ 1932） ， George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty—Four （1949）， and Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale （1985） are examples.Gulliver’s Travels—a satirical novel with fantastic setting—may also be considered a speculative fiction. 　　Science fiction film is a film genre with the screenplay adapted from a science fiction or characterized by speculative， science—based depictions of phenomena that are necessarily accepted by mainstream science， such as extraterrestrial life forms， alien worlds， and time travel， often along with futuristic elements like spacecraft， robots，cyborgs， interstellar space travel or other technologies.Science fiction films have often been used to focus on political or social issues， and to explore philosophical issues like the human condition.In many cases， tropes derived from written science fiction may be used by filmmakers ignorant of or at best indifferent to the standards of scientific plausibility and plot logic to which written science fiction is traditionally held. 　　The settings for science fiction films are often contrary to those of consensus reality， but most science fiction films rely on a considerable degree of suspension of disbelief， which is facilitated in the reader’s mind by potential scientific explanations or solutions to various fictional elements.Science fiction elements include： 　　1） A time setting in the future （e.g.Metropolis， 1927） ， in alternative timelines （e.g.Looper， 2012） ， or in a historical past that contradicts known facts of history or the archaeological record （e.g.Source Code， 2011） . 　　2） A spatial setting or scenes in outer space （e.g.Star Trek， 2009） ， on other worlds， or on subterranean earth （e.g.A Journey to the Center of the Earth， 2008 ） 　　……