电力工程设计手册:26:工程测绘

序言 总前言 前言 绪论················································ 1 一、电力工程······································· 1 二、电力工程测绘································· 2 **篇 厂站工程测绘篇 **章 平面控制测量························ 7 **节 主要内容与流程··························· 7 一、各阶段工作内容及深度····················· 7 二、坐标系统的选择······························· 7 三、平面控制网的建立方法及精度············ 8 四、测区投影变形大小的估算·················· 8 五、起算点的检验·································· 8 六、坐标系统联测·································· 8 七、平面控制网点位中误差的计算············ 9 八、测量工作流程·································· 9 第二节 GNSS平面控制测量····················· 10 一、控制网主要技术指标························ 10 二、控制网的布设································· 10 三、观测方案的制定······························ 11 四、观测············································· 11 五、观测数据处理································· 11 第三节 导线测量···································· 12 一、主要技术要求································· 12 二、导线的布设···································· 13 三、水平角观测···································· 13 四、距离测量······································· 14 五、数据处理······································· 14 第四节 建筑坐标系统恢复测量················· 16 一、适用阶段与目的······························ 16 二、恢复建筑坐标系统的要求················· 17 三、建筑坐标系统的恢复测量················· 17 四、注意事项······································ 18 第五节 资料与成果································ 18 一、原始资料······································ 18 二、原始数据······································ 18 三、计算书········································· 18 四、技术报告······································ 18 第二章 高程控制测量······················· 19 **节 主要内容及流程·························· 19 一、各设计阶段工作深度······················· 19 二、高程基准的选择····························· 19 三、高程控制网精度等级······················· 19 四、首级高程控制测量要求···················· 19 第二节 水准测量··································· 20 一、水准测量技术要求·························· 20 二、水准网布设与埋石·························· 21 三、水准观测······································ 21 四、数据处理······································ 22 第三节 三角高程测量····························· 22 一、技术要求······································ 22 二、垂直角和距离观测·························· 23 三、注意事项······································ 23 四、高差计算······································ 24 五、数据处理······································ 24 第四节GNSS拟合高程测量····················· 24 一、技术要求······································· 24 二、观测要求······································· 24 三、数据处理及精度评定······················· 25 第五节 资料与成果································ 25 一、原始资料······································· 25 二、原始数据······································· 25 三、计算书·········································· 25 四、技术报告······································· 25 第三章 地形测绘········································ 27 **节 地形图的内容与精度要求·············· 27 一、地形图的内容································· 27 二、地形图比例尺选择·························· 27 三、地形图精度要求····························· 27 第二节 陆域地形测绘····························· 28 一、地形测绘方法································· 28 二、图根控制测量································· 29 三、碎部测量······································· 30 四、地物测绘······································· 31 五、地貌测绘······································· 36 第三节 水域地形测绘····························· 37 一、水深测量······································· 37 二、测深点定位···································· 39 三、数据处理和成图····························· 39 第四节 地形图数字化与修测···················· 40 一、地形图数字化································· 40 二、地形图修测···································· 42 第五节 地形图整编与检查验收················· 43 一、地形图编辑···································· 43 二、地形图分幅及编号·························· 43 三、图幅接边······································· 44 四、地形图检查···································· 44 五、地形图验收···································· 44 第六节 土石方测量································ 44 一、方格网法······································· 45 二、断面法·········································· 45 三、DTM法········································ 45 四、等高线法······································· 46 第七节 管线及道路测量·························· 46 一、控制测量······································· 46 二、带状地形图与工点地形图测绘··········· 47 三、中桩测设······································· 48 四、断面测量······································· 48 第四章 施工测量与变形测量···················· 49 **节 施工控制网测量·························· 49 一、主要技术要求································ 49 二、建立流程······································ 50 三、首级施工控制网的建立···················· 50 四、建筑施工控制网的建立···················· 55 五、施工控制网的维护·························· 55 第二节 施工放样与检测·························· 55 一、测设前的准备································ 55 二、建构筑物放样的常用方法················· 56 三、建筑物的轴线放样·························· 57 四、基槽开挖放样································ 58 五、高耸塔形建构筑物放样···················· 59 六、钢结构高层、超高层建筑物放样········ 59 七、坝体施工放样································ 61 八、管线施工放样································ 64 九、道路放样······································ 67 十、放样检测······································ 75 第三节 变形测量··································· 76 一、基本内容······································ 76 二、精度等级······································ 76 三、变形监测基准网的建立···················· 77 四、水平位移监测································ 79 五、垂直位移监测································ 81 六、倾斜监测······································ 82 七、裂缝监测······································ 83 八、挠度监测······································ 83 九、数据处理······································ 84 第四节 资料与成果································ 84 一、资料············································ 84 二、成果············································ 84 第五章 竣工测量········································ 86 **节 细部测量··································· 86 一、一般要求······································ 86 二、测前准备······································ 87 三、细部点测量··································· 87 第二节 总平面图汇编····························· 93 一、一般要求······································ 93 二、竣工总平面图编绘·························· 93 第三节 成果资料及要求·························· 94 一、提交资料······································ 94 二、资料要求及式样····························· 94 第二篇 输电线路工程测绘篇 第六章 架空输电线路工程测绘·············· 101 **节 可行性研究阶段测绘·················· 101 一、搜集资料····································· 101 二、内业处理····································· 101 三、外业测量····································· 102 四、资料与成果·································· 102 第二节 初步设计阶段测绘····················· 103 一、搜集资料····································· 103 二、现场踏勘与测量···························· 103 三、内业工作····································· 104 四、资料与成果·································· 105 第三节 施工图设计阶段测绘·················· 105 一、选线测量····································· 105 二、定线测量····································· 106 三、平面及高程联测···························· 107 四、平面及断面测量···························· 108 五、定位及检查测量···························· 113 六、改线测量····································· 115 七、资料与成果·································· 116 第四节 专项测绘·································· 117 一、交叉跨越测量······························· 117 二、塔基断面测量······························· 120 三、塔位地形测量······························· 122 四、开方测量····································· 123 五、房屋分布图测量···························· 126 六、林木分布测量······························· 128 七、水文测量····································· 131 八、勘探点放样测量···························· 131 第五节 施工测量·································· 132 一、线路复测····································· 132 二、施工基面及电气开方测量··············· 134 三、基础施工测量······························· 137 四、杆塔施工测量······························· 149 五、架线施工测量······························· 154 六、竣工验收测量······························· 160 七、资料与成果·································· 163 第七章 大跨越工程测绘·························· 173 **节 可行性研究阶段测绘·················· 173 一、资料收集····································· 173 二、室内工作····································· 173 三、外业工作····································· 174 第二节 初步设计阶段测绘····················· 174 一、资料收集···································· 175 二、平面与高程联测··························· 175 三、定线测量···································· 177 四、平断面图测绘······························ 179 五、房屋分布图测绘··························· 181 六、地形测绘···································· 181 七、林木测绘与调查··························· 182 八、勘探点定位测量··························· 182 第三节 施工图设计阶段测绘·················· 183 一、塔位定位测量······························ 183 二、塔基断面图及塔位地形图测绘········· 184 三、勘探点定位测量··························· 184 四、检查测量···································· 184 第四节 测绘资料与成果························ 185 一、可行性研究阶段··························· 185 二、初步设计阶段······························ 185 三、施工图设计阶段··························· 185 第八章 地下电缆工程测绘·······················186 **节 带状地形测量··························· 186 一、控制测量···································· 186 二、带状地形图测量··························· 186 三、资料与成果································· 187 第二节 地下障碍物探测························ 187 一、资料搜集与现场踏勘····················· 187 二、探测·········································· 187 三、内业处理···································· 192 四、资料与成果································· 194 第三节 线路测量································· 194 一、选定线测量································· 194 二、曲线测设···································· 194 三、定位测量···································· 194 四、房屋分布测量······························ 195 五、平断面测绘································· 195 六、资料与成果································· 196 第四节 竣工图测量······························ 196 一、资料搜集与整理··························· 196 二、控制点校测································· 196 三、地形图修测································· 196 四、中线测量···································· 196 五、断面测量···································· 197 六、竣工图编绘································· 197 七、资料与成果·································· 197 第九章 海（水）底电缆工程测绘·········· 198 **节 路由预选································· 198 一、资料搜集····································· 198 二、踏勘··········································· 198 三、资料整理····································· 199 四、预选路由勘察报告编写·················· 199 五、成果资料····································· 200 第二节 路由勘测································· 200 一、任务目的···································· 200 二、勘测范围及比例尺························ 200 三、海上勘测···································· 201 四、质量检查···································· 205 五、成果资料···································· 205 第三节 竣工图测量······························ 205 一、目的及方法································· 205 二、海域测量···································· 205 三、水下调查···································· 206 四、成果资料···································· 206 第三篇 测绘新技术应用篇 第十章 航测、遥感与激光扫描技术 应用··············································· 209 **节 数据获取································· 209 一、航空摄影测量······························· 209 二、卫星遥感测量······························· 212 三、激光扫描测量······························· 214 第二节 数据预处理······························ 219 一、航空摄影测量技术························ 219 二、遥感技术····································· 221 三、激光扫描技术······························· 221 第三节 基础控制测量··························· 223 第四节 像片控制测量与调绘测量············ 223 一、航空摄影测量······························· 223 二、卫星遥感测量······························· 227 三、调绘测量····································· 228 第五节DEM和DOM制作····················· 229 一、航空摄影测量······························· 229 二、卫星遥感测量······························· 234 三、激光扫描测量······························· 237 第六节 内业数字测图··························· 239 一、航测及遥感测量··························· 239 二、激光扫描测量······························· 242 第七节 外业检测与修正························ 244 一、发变电工程图件检测与修正············ 244 二、输电线路工程图件检测与修正········· 245 三、成果资料····································· 247 第八节 地面激光扫描测量技术应用········· 247 一、地形测量····································· 247 二、变形监测····································· 248 三、设备建模····································· 248 第十一章 海洋测绘中新技术应用·········· 249 **节 海洋测绘特点及现状·················· 249 一、基本知识和概念··························· 249 二、电力工程海洋测绘························ 249 三、海洋测绘发展趋势························ 250 第二节 控制测量································· 250 一、平面控制测量······························ 250 二、高程控制测量······························ 253 第三节 地形与水深测量························ 255 一、水位控制测量······························ 255 二、导航定位···································· 256 三、水深测量···································· 259 第四节 海底地貌扫测及障碍物探测········· 265 一、方案设计···································· 265 二、侧扫声呐探测······························ 266 三、多波束扫测································· 269 四、扫床测量···································· 269 五、资料与成果································· 270 第十二章 GNSS卫星定位技术应用······ 271 **节 GNSS静态测量························· 271 一、GNSS静态测量原理······················ 271 二、GNSS静态测量作业流程················ 271 三、GNSS静态网设计························· 271 四、GNSS静态外业观测······················ 274 五、GNSS静态内业数据处理················ 275 六、资料与成果································· 278 第二节 GNSS RTK测量························ 278 一、GNSS RTK测量模式····················· 278 二、准备工作···································· 279 三、GNSS RTK控制测量····················· 280 四、GNSS RTK地形测量····················· 281 五、GNSS RTK放样测量······················ 282 六、网络RTK测量····························· 283 七、资料与成果·································· 284 第三节 CORS定位测量························· 285 一、CORS系统的组成························· 285 二、CORS测量的基本原理··················· 285 三、接入CORS的**要素·················· 286 四、接入CORS的方式分类·················· 286 五、CORS系统的应用························· 286 六、资料与成果·································· 287 第四节 精密单点定位（PPP）测量·········· 287 一、PPP基本原理及特点······················ 287 二、PPP数据处理······························· 288 三、PPP技术的应用···························· 288 四、PPP技术优缺点···························· 289 五、资料与成果·································· 289 第十三章 地理信息系统设计与应用······ 290 **节 地理信息系统发展与电力地理信息 系统应用现状···························· 290 一、GIS的发展·································· 290 二、电力GIS ····································· 290 第二节 电力工程中GIS应用·················· 291 一、GIS在勘测设计阶段的应用············· 291 二、GIS在施工建设阶段的应用············· 292 三、GIS在运营管理阶段的应用············· 293 四、GIS在电力工程其他方面的应用······· 294 第三节 GIS设计与开发························· 294 一、电力GIS的主要功能设计··············· 294 二、电力GIS的开发方式····················· 296 三、电力GIS的开发要求····················· 297 四、电力GIS设计与开发的主要步骤······ 299 五、成果资料及要求··························· 299 第四节 电力GIS建设··························· 300 一、系统平台总体建设························ 300 二、系统数据建设······························ 300 三、技术构架建设······························ 303 第五节 GIS维护·································· 304 一、数据维护···································· 304 二、系统维护···································· 304 三、安全维护···································· 305 第四篇 电力测绘工程管理篇 第十四章 策划与前期准备······················ 309 **节 工作内容及流程························ 309 第二节 任务接收·································· 309 一、任务来源····································· 309 二、任务书的内容及其接收与评审········· 309 三、任务书下达·································· 310 第三节 资料搜集与分析························ 310 一、资料搜集····································· 310 二、资料的分析·································· 310 第四节 现场踏勘·································· 311 一、现场踏勘内容······························· 311 二、资料的核实与补充························· 311 三、现场踏勘记录······························· 311 第五节 作业指导书编制························ 311 一、编制依据····································· 311 二、编制内容····································· 311 第六节 资源配置·································· 312 一、人力资源配置······························· 312 二、仪器设备配置······························· 313 三、典型工程资源配置························· 317 第七节 后勤保障措施···························· 320 一、生产保障措施······························ 320 二、生活保障措施······························ 321 第八节 勘测大纲编制··························· 321 一、编制依据···································· 321 二、编制内容···································· 321 三、编制要求···································· 322 四、评审和批准································· 322 五、变更·········································· 322 第九节 岗前培训································· 322 一、岗前培训的内容··························· 322 二、岗前培训形式······························ 323 三、岗前培训记录······························ 323 第十五章 实施及过程控制·······················324 **节 工程组织与实施························ 324 一、工程组织···································· 324 二、工程实施···································· 324 第二节 质量管理与控制························ 326 一、质量管理职责······························ 326 二、实施前的质量管理························ 326 三、实施过程中的质量管理·················· 326 四、质量控制···································· 327 五、质量信息管理······························· 328 六、工程质量创优······························· 328 七、持续改进····································· 328 第三节 进度和费用的管理与控制············ 328 一、进度管理与控制··························· 328 二、费用管理与控制··························· 329 第四节 职业健康安全与应急管理············ 330 一、职业健康安全管理························ 330 二、应急管理····································· 334 第五节 环境保护与控制························ 335 一、环境保护目标······························· 335 二、环境保护计划措施························ 336 三、工程现场控制······························· 336 第六节 涉密测绘成果保密管理··············· 336 一、测绘成果国家秘密范围·················· 336 二、涉密测绘成果管理制度·················· 338 三、涉密信息系统及设备的保密措施······ 338 第十六章 收尾与服务······························· 339 **节 资料整理及成品校审·················· 339 一、资料整理····································· 339 二、成品校审···································· 340 第二节 资料立卷归档··························· 343 一、纸介质资料立卷归档····················· 343 二、电子文件立卷归档························ 344 三、归档更改···································· 344 第三节 成品交付及服务························ 344 一、成品交付···································· 344 二、现场服务···································· 345 第四节 工程回访及服务改进·················· 345 一、工程回访···································· 345 二、满意度调查································· 346 三、服务与改进································· 348 附录······························································· 349 附录A 大跨越工程平断面图示例············ 349 附录B 带状地形图样图······················· 插页 附录C 综合地下障碍物图····················· 350 主要量的符号及其计量单位······················ 351 参考文献······················································· 352