“认识中国·了解中国”书系中国新时代(英文版)/认识中国.了解中国书系

At the opening plenary of the 2017 annual meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos,Switzerland,in January,2017,Chinese President Xi Jinping quoted in a keynote speech from the opening of Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens,“It was the best of times,it was the worst of times.”The original text is:“It was the best of times,it was the worst of times.It was the age of wisdom,and it was the age of foolishness.It was the epoch of belief,and it was the epoch of incredulity.It was the season of light,and it was the season of darkness.It was the spring of hope,and it was the winter of despair.We had everything before us,and we had nothing before us.We were all going direct to Heaven,and we were all going direct the other way.”These words reflect the contradictions in the post?industrial revolution era in Britain,on which Marx had expounded with theories in the 1950s:“In our times,every thing seems to contain contradictions.We can see the magic power of machines in reducing human labor and increasing its efficiency,but they also cause hunger and excessive fatigue.Some strange and incredible power has turned new sources of wealth into causes of poverty.The triumph of technology seems to be at the cost of moral degradation.As human beings dominate nature,individuals seem to be increasingly enslaved by others or their own misdemeanors.Even the light of science is overshadowed by the darkness of ignorance.It seems that all our inventions and progress make materials wise beings while humans are turned into dull materials.”MARX K.,ENGELS F.Selected Works:Vol.1.3rd ed.Beijing:People?s Publishing House,2012:776.What is the present era for human development in the past century and a half? These contradictions still exist due to capitalism.In 2017,President Trump said at the 72nd UN General Assembly:“We live in a time of extraordinary opportunity.Breakthroughs in science,technology and medicine are curing illnesses and solving problems that prior generations thought impossible to solve.But each day also brings news of growing dangers that threaten everything we cherish and value.Terrorists and extremists have gathered strength and spread to every region of the planet.”1.The law of economic globalization indicates that mankind is entering a new era of economic globalizationHow has the world market developed since the Age of Exploration? What stages has it gone through? How has China?s relationship with the world changed in the midst of this development? These are all big and deep issues.On 18 January,2016,at the Workshop of Studying and Implementing the Guidelines of the Fifth Plenary of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) for Provincial and Ministerial Officials,President Xi Jinping divided economic globalization roughly into three stages in his address.The first stage is colonial expansion and the formation of the world market,during which the West almost carved up the whole world prior to World WarⅠthrough plundering,forcible occupation,and colonial expansion.All regions and ethnicities were involved in the capitalist world system.The second stage is emergence of two parallel world markets.After World War Ⅱ,a number of socialist countries were born and colonial and semi?colonial countries gained independence one after another,which gave birth to two camps of socialism and capitalism,thus forming two parallel markets.The third stage is economic globalization.With the end of the Cold War came the end of rivalry between the two camps and the two parallel markets,dramatically rising interdependence among countries,and rapidly evolving economic globalization.Correspondingly,China?s relations with the world have also gone through three stages.The first stage is reduction from a country secluded from the world market and industrialization tide to a semi?colonial and semi?feudal society that was poor and weak.The second stage is when the closed and semi?closed China pursued the foreign policy of“leaning to one side”.The third stage is the all?round opening?up,which has brought about historic transformation in China?s relations with the world.This division which makes historical and philosophical sense not only presents a panoramic view of the history of economic globalization and the law of China?s relations with the world,but also charts the course for China?s future development.At present,China?s all?round opening?up has encountered new challenges.I believe that the current world economy has two invisible parallel world markets.First,there are two types of market economy,one is socialist,the other is capitalist.Our market economy is socialist and different from the capitalist one in that ours emphasizes benefits for all while the capitalist one seeks benefits for the haves at the expense of the have?nots.These two market economies are at cross purposes and even conflict with each other in economic globalization.An important sign is the prohibition by a few Western countries of normal investment and M&A by companies like Huawei in the name of national security.In recent years,the US has been increasingly concerned with our booming high?tech industry and rising core competitiveness.Within the US there is a consensus that it needs to resort to trade and investment measures to protect its competitive edge in the high?tech sector and deny Chinese companies and governments access to American technology.In November 2017,the US?China Economic and Security Review Commission of the US Congress released its 2017 annual report,in which the work proposal on China?s investment in the US featured a clear inclination to restrict the investment of China?s state?owned capital in the US and limit China?s investment in high?tech industries in the US.The report proposed that Chinese state?owned or state?controlled entities,including sovereign wealth funds,should be prohibited from acquiring US assets; the US Department of Homeland Security,the Department of Commerce,and the Department of Defense should develop and regularly update a list of key US technologies or infrastructure that Chinese entities may not acquire or invest in to protect its economic and national security; evaluation of any motion of acquiring US media assets by Chinese entities should take into consideration propaganda objectives of the CPC in the past and the potential of influencing the US public opinion.On October 4,2018,US Vice President Mike Pence accused China of its socialist market economy when he spoke about the US government?s policy toward China at the Hudson Institute.He said:“After the disintegration of the Soviet Union,we believe that China will inevitably become a liberal country.With this optimism,the US opened its door to China on the eve of the 21st century and granted China the membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO).The previous administrations made this decision in the hope that China?s liberalism would spread to various fields―not just economy,but also politics,and that China would respect the traditional liberal principles,private property,individual and religious freedom and human rights.But this hope has failed.”It has made groundless accusations against the CPC for employing a series of policies that impede free and fair trade,including tariffs,quotas,currency manipulation,compulsory technology transfer,intellectual property theft,and industrial subsidies.These ridiculous accusations reflect the attitude of Western countries towards China?s socialist market economy.Second,the West has always erected various hidden barriers to China?s market economy.On the one hand,they don?t recognize China?s market economy status,denounce China as state capitalism,and adopt various tariff policies toward China?s market economy,such as the US$200 billion additional tariffs imposed on 24 September,2018.On the other hand,they set various hidden rules and obstacles to prohibit high?tech trade with China which is deemed as an unfair measure of a non?market economy.From the Paris?based Coordinating Committee (COCOM) 70 years ago to the Wassenaar Agreement over 20 years ago,what they had in common was the ban on the transfer of high technology to China.The official name of COCOM is Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls established secretly under the US proposal in November 1949.As an unofficial international agency aligning Western industrialized countries in the field of international trade after World War Ⅱ,it aimed to restrict members from exporting strategic materials and high?tech products to socialist countries.About 30 countries,including socialist countries and some nationalist countries,were listed as embargo targets by COCOM.The organizations of COCOM included:(1) Advisory Panel,which was its decision?making body composed of senior officials from member states.(2) Adjustment Committee established in 1950,the executive agency for imposing embargoes on the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries.(3) China Committee established in 1952,the executive agency for putting embargoes on China.COCOM implemented embargoes on socialist countries which targeted three categories of products,namely,weapons and equipment,cutting?edge high?tech products and strategic products.There were four types of lists:(1) ListⅠincluded items under absolute embargoes,such as weapons and atomic energy.(2) ListⅡ had items whose quantities were controlled.(3) List Ⅲ included those under surveillance.(4) List Ⅳ was a special ban on trade with China,which had in it 500 more items than for the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries.With the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,COCOM officially announced its dissolution on 1 April,1994.But soon afterwards,the Wassenaar Agreement was developed.In July 1996,the US manipulated 33 countries predominated by Western countries to sign the Wassenaar Agreement in Vienna,Austria,which decided to put in place a new control list and information exchange rules from 1 November,1996.The agreement contains two control lists:one is a dual?use commodity and technology list covering 9 categories,i.e.,advanced materials,material disposal,electronics,computers,telecommunications and information security,sensing and lasers,navigation and avionics,ships,maritime equipment and propulsion systems; the other is a military product list covering 22 categories including weapons,ammunition,equipment and combat platforms.China is also among the embargo targets.In other words,it is fairly difficult for China to access high technology through normal market economy means.China?s opening?up to the outside world seeks to break this hidden barrier so that the two markets can be truly integrated.It is an irreversible trend that economic globalization spread China?s influence in many fields.Globalization of Chinese goods:ubiquitous products made in China.In 2017,China?s trade in goods was 27?79 trillion yuan.In the month when China officially joined the WTO at the end of 2001,its export stood at US$24?503 billion,an increase of 768?75% over the US$212?87 billion export in May 2018.Globalization of Chinese investment:ubiquitous Chinese companies.From 2003 to 2016,the compound growth rate of China?s foreign investment was 35%,and the annual growth rate reached 123% in 2005.In 2017,China?s foreign direct investment flow was US$158?29 billion.As of the end of 2017,China?s foreign direct investment stock was US$1?8 trillion,and its overseas assets topped US$7 trillion.General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in Vietnam on November 10,2017 that in the next 15 years,China?s total foreign investment will reach US$2 trillion.China currently has more than 40,000 non?financial entities in more than 160 countries and regions,with more than 3,000 in the US alone.Globalization of Chinese culture:a ubiquitous Chinese voice.By the end of 2017,there were 525 Confucius Institutes and 1,113 Confucius Classrooms in 146 countries and regions.Of the countries along the Belt and Road,51 countries have established 138 Confucius Institutes and 135 Confucius Classrooms.Globalization of Chinese mobility:ubiquitous Chinese tourists.In 2017,130?51 million Chinese citizens traveled abroad,and in 2018 the number exceeded 140 million.In a keynote speech at the APEC CEO Summit 2016,Xi Jinping pointed out that Chinese tourists will make over 700 million outbound visits in the next five years.2.The development history of the Chinese nation indicates that the new era will be an era of realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation and making greater contributions to mankindThis new era will be an era of building on past successes to further advance our cause,and of continuing in a new historical context to strive for the success of socialism with Chinese characteristics.It will be an era of securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects,and of moving on to all?out efforts to build a great modern socialist country.It will be an era for the Chinese people of all ethnic groups to work together and work hard to create a better life for themselves and ultimately achieve common prosperity for everyone.It will be an era for all of us,the sons and daughters of the Chinese nation,to strive with one heart to realize the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.It will be an era that sees China moving closer to center stage and making greater contributions to mankind.This new era will be an era of building on past successes to further advance our cause,and of continuing in a new historical context to strive for the success of socialism with Chinese characteristics.In the 40 years of reform and opening?up,we have stayed on the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and have carried on the lofty cause by drawing the grand blueprint of socialism with Chinese characteristics,which is evidenced by the report titles of National Congresses of the CPC.From the 13th to the 19th National Congress,the report titles are as follows:“Forge ahead along the Path of Socialist with Chinese Characteristics”,report of the 13th CPC National Congress “Accelerate the Pace of Reform,Opening?up,and Modernization and Win Greater Victories in the Cause of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”,report of the 14th National Congress“Hold High the Great Banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Push Forward the Cause of Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics into the 21st Century”,report of the 15th National Congress“Build a Well?off Society in an All?round Way and Create a New Situation in Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”,report of the 16th National Congress“Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive for New Victories in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects”,report of the 17th National Congress“Firmly March on the Path of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive to Complete the Building of a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects”,report of the 18th National Congress“Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era”,report of the 19th National Congress.The new era will be an era of securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects,and of moving on to all?out efforts to build a great modern socialist country.(1)Building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.The report to the 19th National Congress states that the period between now and 2020 will be decisive in finishing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.We must follow the requirements on building this society set out at our 16th,17th,and 18th National Congresses,act in response to the evolution of the principal contradiction in Chinese society,and promote coordinated economic,political,cultural,social,and ecological advancement.We must show firm resolve in implementing the strategy for invigorating China through science and education,the strategy on developing a quality workforce,the innovation?driven development strategy,the rural vitalization strategy,the coordinated regional development strategy,the sustainable development strategy,and the military?civilian integration strategy.We must focus on priorities,address inadequacies,and shore up points of weakness.In this regard,it should be stressed that we must take tough steps to forestall and defuse major risks,carry out targeted poverty alleviation,and prevent and control pollution,so that the moderately prosperous society we build earns the people?s approval and stands the test of time.(2)Basically realizing modernization.From 2020 to 2035,we will build on the foundation created by the moderately prosperous society with a further 15 years of hard work to see that socialist modernization is basically realized.The vision is that by the end of this stage,the following goals will have been met:China?s economic and technological strength has increased significantly.China has become a global leader in innovation;The rights of the people to participate and to develop as equals are adequately protected.The rule of law for the country,the government,and society is basically in place.Institutions in all fields are further improved; the modernization of China?s system and capacity for governance is basically achieved;Social etiquette and civility are significantly enhanced.China?s cultural soft power has grown much stronger; Chinese culture has greater appeal;People are leading more comfortable lives,and the size of the middle?income group has grown considerably.Disparities in urban?rural development,in development between regions,and in living standards are significantly reduced; equitable access to basic public services is basically ensured; and solid progress has been made toward prosperity for everyone;A modern social governance system has basically taken shape,and society is full of vitality,harmony,and order;There is a fundamental improvement in the environment; the goal of building a beautiful China is basically attained.（3）Developing China into a great modern country.From 2035 to the middle of the 21st century,we will,based on having basically achieved modernization,work hard for a further 15 years and develop China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous,strong,democratic,culturally advanced,harmonious,and beautiful.By the end of this stage,the following goals will have been met:New heights are reached in every dimension of material,political,cultural and ethical,social,and ecological advancement;Modernization of China?s system and capacity for governance is achieved;China has become a global leader in terms of composite national strength and international influence;Common prosperity for everyone is basically achieved;The Chinese people enjoy happier,safer,and healthier lives;The Chinese nation will become a proud and active member of the community of nations.The new era will be an era for the Chinese people of all ethnic groups to work together and work hard to create a better life for themselves and ultimately achieve common prosperity for everyone.Meeting the people?s aspirations to live a better life has been a priority always emphasized by the Party.During the past four decades of reform and opening?up,China has seen the basic needs of over a billion people met,has basically made it possible for people to live decent lives,and will soon bring the building of a moderately prosperous society to a successful completion.The needs to be met for the people to live better lives are increasingly broad.Not only have their material and cultural needs grown; their demands for democracy,rule of law,fairness and justice,security,and a better environment are increasing.At the same time,China?s overall productive forces have significantly improved and in many areas our production capacity leads the world.The more prominent problem is that our development is unbalanced and inadequate.This has become the main constraining factor in meeting the people?s increasing needs for a better life.The content and fields of the material and cultural needs of the people are constantly expanding from basic material and cultural needs to diversified demands.A new area of growth for satisfying people?s needs is information services,which we should adapt to by speeding up their popularization and reducing their cost of application.By this,we will ensure that the people enjoy accessible,affordable and sound information services and get greater satisfaction in sharing Internet development achievements.It will be an era for all of us,the sons and daughters of the Chinese nation,to strive with one heart to realize the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.On 4 May,2013,Xi Jinping said during discussions with representatives of outstanding young people from different circles that the Chinese Dream is a pursuit for the past,the present and the future,for it embodies the unremitting efforts of countless people with lofty ideals,carrying the common aspirations of all Chinese,and foretelling China?s prospects of prosperity,national rejuvenation and people?s happiness.The report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC pointed out that the Chinese Dream is a pursuit for the past,the present and the future; it falls on the shoulder of our generation,and more on that of the younger generation.The struggle of generations of young people will eventually turn the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation into a reality.It will be an era that sees China moving closer to center stage and making greater contributions to mankind.Proceeding from the law of the development of human society,the general trend of the international political and economic order and the global landscape,and the common interests of all peoples,CPC attaches importance to development of a new type of international relations and building of a human community with a shared future,which is a new idea that fundamentally transforms international relations.The report to the 19th National Congress said that we must keep in mind both our internal and international imperatives,stay on the path of peaceful development,and continue to pursue a mutually beneficial strategy of opening?up; we will uphold justice while pursuing shared interests,and will foster new thinking on common,comprehensive,cooperative,and sustainable security; we will pursue open,innovative,and inclusive development that benefits everyone,boost cross?cultural exchanges characterized by harmony within diversity,inclusiveness,and mutual learning,and cultivate ecosystems based on respect for nature and green development; and China will continue its efforts to safeguard world peace,contribute to global development,and uphold international order.Chinese singer Wang Lida has a song called China Enters a New Era,whose lyrics are as follows:“We have pursued our aspiration for a hundred years.Our dream has never been so wonderful.The country seeking rejuvenation is standing at a new starting point.Our voice is resounding on the international stage.As such,each of us is the creator and witness of the new era and must add vitality to the new era by constantly making progress.