以人民为中心:新时代中国民生保障(英文版)

　　《以人民为中心：新时代中国民生保障（英文版）》：　　After Marx and Engels, there is a widely concerned theory of hierarchy of human needs, that is, the theory of five levels of human needs put forward by American psychologist Abraham Maslow in his paper A Theory of Human Motivation in 1943. Like a ladder, he divides human needs into five levels： physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Among them, the first level is physiological needs, which are also the lowest needs, such as food, water, air, sexual desire, health, etc. if any of these needs （except sexual desire） are not met, the physiological function of the individual will not work normally, and human life will be threatened. The second level is safety needs, which also belong to low level needs, including personal safety, family safety, property safety, life stability, work security, health security and protection from pain, threat or disease. If a person feels insecure, he will become nervous. The third level is belongingness and love needs, which belong to higher level needs, including the needs of friendship, love, subordination, etc., if we cannot meet this need, the individual experience will fall into the dilemma of self-consciousness and worthlessness. The fourth level is the need for esteem, which also belongs to higher level needs, including achievement, confidence, reputation, status, being respected by others and promotion opportunities. It includes not only the personal feeling of achievement or self-worth, but also the recognition and respect of others for themselves. If the esteem needs are met, people can be full of confidence in themselves. The fifth level is the needs of self-actualization, which is at the highest level, including the realization of fulfillment and aspirations, the exertion of personal ability to the maximum extent, and the realization of self-actualization. Maslow thinks that the five levels of human needs are like a ladder from low to high, and they ascend step by step. Although this order is not completely fixed, and there are various exceptions, generally speaking, when the needs of one level are relatively satisfied, they will develop to a higher level, and the pursuit of higher level needs will become the driving force of behavior. Maslow also believes that the hierarchy of needs of most people in a country is directly related to the level of economic, scientific and technological development, culture and people's education level of the country. In developing countries, physiological needs and safety needs account for a bigger proportion, while high-level needs account for a smaller proportion; in developed countries, just the opposite.　　Comparing Marx's three-level needs with Maslow's five level needs, we can find some similarities： both regard human needs as an organic system with internal relations, recognize that human needs are hierarchical and constantly sublimating, and think that human needs are a system based on human natural survival and peaked by human self-actualization. However, there are differences between the two, mainly in the following aspects. First, the understanding of the relationship between individual and society is different. Classic Marxist writers emphasize the individual in social relations, highlight that the real free personality also have direct sociality, and the individuation and socialization of human beings are two inseparable aspects of the same process; while Maslow starts from an isolated individual, and his description of human needs lacks internal social stipulation, so there is a huge limitation. Second, the cognition of people's instinct is different. From the perspective of physiology and psychology, Maslow attributes human needs, including the high-level needs of self-actualization, to human's inherent and unchanging natural instinct.　　……