有害气体控制工程

目录.................................................................................................................................................i1概述............................................................................................................................................3 1.1大气污染...................................................................................................................................31.1.1大气组成................................................................................................................................3 1.1.2大气污染现状.........................................................................................................................41.1.3大气污染物............................................................................................................................5 1.1.4大气方面全球环境问题.........................................................................................................101.2大气污染的危害......................................................................................................................121.2.1人体健康方面的影响.............................................................................................................12 1.2.2对植物的影响.......................................................................................................................151.2.3对器物和材料的影响.............................................................................................................16 1.2.4对大气能见度和气候的影响..................................................................................................161.3大气质量标准和污染物排放标准..............................................................................................171.3.1大气环境质量标准................................................................................................................17 1.3.2大气污染物排放标准.............................................................................................................171.3.3几个重要的大气污染物排放标准...........................................................................................182吸收法净化气态污染物......................................................................................................................20 2.1吸收概述.................................................................................................................................202.1.1吸收的概念...........................................................................................................................20 2.1.2吸收的分类...........................................................................................................................202.1.3吸收剂的选择.......................................................................................................................20 2.2吸收原理.................................................................................................................................212.2.1吸收的发生...........................................................................................................................21 2.2.2相律和自由度数....................................................................................................................212.2.3亨利定律..............................................................................................................................22 2.3传质机理..................................................................................................................................242.3.1费克定律..............................................................................................................................24 2.3.2涡流扩散..............................................................................................................................252.3.3对流扩散..............................................................................................................................25 2.3.4湿壁塔传质现象研究.............................................................................................................252.3.5双膜理论..............................................................................................................................27 2.4吸收速率方程..........................................................................................................................282.5吸收设备.................................................................................................................................32 2.5.1填料塔..................................................................................................................................322.5.2板式塔..................................................................................................................................38 2.5.3湍球塔..................................................................................................................................412.5.4喷淋塔..................................................................................................................................41 2.5.5喷射鼓泡塔...........................................................................................................................422.5.6其他气体吸收器....................................................................................................................43 2.6气体吸收计算..........................................................................................................................442.6.1吸收塔的物料衡算与操作线方程...........................................................................................442.6.2吸收剂用量的确定................................................................................................................46 2.6.3填料塔计算...........................................................................................................................482.6.4板式塔的计算.......................................................................................................................56 2.7化学吸收及其计算...................................................................................................................632.7.1化学吸收与物理吸收的区别..................................................................................................632.7.2化学反应快慢对吸收的影响...................................................................................................63 2.7.3化学吸收中的气液平衡关系..................................................................................................642.7.4化学吸收中的速率方程.........................................................................................................672.7.5填料层高度的计算.................................................................................................................69 习题.......................................................................................................................................713吸附法净化气态污染物......................................................................................................................72 3.1吸附概述.................................................................................................................................723.1.1吸附的本质...........................................................................................................................72 3.1.2吸附与吸收的区别.................................................................................................................733.1.3吸附的分类...........................................................................................................................73 3.2吸附剂....................................................................................................................................743.2.1吸附剂的表征.......................................................................................................................74 3.2.2工业吸附剂的要求................................................................................................................753.2.3常用工业吸附剂....................................................................................................................75 3.2.4吸附剂浸渍............................................................................................................................803.2.5吸附剂的脱附与劣化现象......................................................................................................81 3.3吸附原理.................................................................................................................................833.3.1吸附平衡..............................................................................................................................83 3.3.2吸附速率..............................................................................................................................883.3.3影响气体吸附的因素.............................................................................................................90 3.4吸附装置.................................................................................................................................923.4.1固定床吸附装置....................................................................................................................92 3.4.2移动床吸附装置....................................................................................................................943.4.3流化床吸附装置....................................................................................................................95 3.4.4其他类型的吸附装置.............................................................................................................963.5固定床吸附过程的计算..........................................................................................................1003.5.1固定床吸附器的吸附过程....................................................................................................100 3.5.2希洛夫近似计算法..............................................................................................................1033.5.3透过曲线计算法..................................................................................................................104 3.5.5固定床吸附器床层压降估算................................................................................................107习题.....................................................................................................................................1094催化转化法净化气态污染物.............................................................................................................1104.1催化概述...............................................................................................................................110 4.2催化剂...................................................................................................................................1124.2.1催化剂的概念......................................................................................................................112 4.2.2催化剂的组成......................................................................................................................1124.2.3催化剂的表征......................................................................................................................114 4.2.4催化剂的性能......................................................................................................................1164.2.5催化剂的制备.....................................................................................................................121 4.2.6有害气体治理工程中常用的催化剂......................................................................................1244.3催化作用...............................................................................................................................1254.3.1催化作用特征.....................................................................................................................125 4.3.2催化体系分类.....................................................................................................................1284.3.3催化理论............................................................................................................................130 4.4气－固相催化反应过程及动力学方程.....................................................................................1324.4.1气固相催化反应过程...........................................................................................................1324.4.2气固相催化浓度分布...........................................................................................................133 4.4.4反应过程的控制步骤...........................................................................................................1334.4.5表面化学反应速率与动力学方程.........................................................................................1344.4.6气固相催化反应宏观动力学方程.........................................................................................138 4.5气-固相催化反应器及工艺系统配置.......................................................................................1414.6固定床绝热催化反应器计算....................................................................................................1464.6.1气固相催化反应器设计基础................................................................................................147 4.6.2反应器的流动模型..............................................................................................................1484.6.3气-固相催化反应器相关计算...............................................................................................149习题.....................................................................................................................................155 5氮氧化物控制方法及技术选择............................................................1805.1低NOX燃烧技术..................................................................1805.1.1传统低NOX燃烧技术............................................................1805.1.2先进低NOX燃烧技术............................................................183 5.2SNCR技术原理...................................................................1855.2.1SNCR反应机理.................................................................1855.2.2SNCR脱硝过程的影响因素.......................................................1875.2.3SNCR脱硝工程设计和优化选择...................................................188 5.3SCR技术原理....................................................................1935.3.1SCR反应原理..................................................................1945.3.2SCR工艺流程..................................................................1985.4SNCR-SCR联合脱硝工艺..........................................................203 5.4.1SNCR-SCR技术原理.............................................................2035.4.2SNCR-SCR工艺流程.............................................................2035.4.3选择性还原脱硝技术比较........................................................2045.5脱硝催化剂的设计与研制..........................................................206 5.5脱硝催化剂的设计与研制..........................................................2065.5.1钒基脱硝催化剂体系............................................................2075.5.2主要烟气组分影响..............................................................2135.5.3脱硝催化剂在协同控制技术中的应用..............................................216 6二氧化硫控制技术......................................................................2336.1燃烧与污染......................................................................2336.1.1燃煤与大气污染................................................................2336.1.2燃烧过程中硫氧化物的排放......................................................233 6.2二氧化硫控制技术概述............................................................2356.2.1主要脱硫方法简介..............................................................2366.2.2烟气脱硫技术综合评价..........................................................2376.3湿式石灰石石膏法烟气脱硫技术...................................................238 6.3.1工艺原理......................................................................2386.3.2烟气脱硫(FGD)工艺系统.......................................................2396.3.3优化双循环湿式石灰石FGD工艺(DLWS)............................................2426.4喷雾干燥法脱硫技术..............................................................243 6.4.1工艺原理......................................................................2436.4.2喷雾干燥吸收法(SDA)工艺系统...................................................2446.4.3SDA烟气脱硫工艺运行中存在的问题..............................................2456.5LIFAC脱硫技术..................................................................246 6.5.1工艺原理......................................................................2466.5.2LIFAC工艺系统...............................................................2476.5.3与LIFAC相似的直接喷射法(DD)脱硫简介........................................2506.6海水烟气脱硫技术................................................................251 6.6.1工艺原理......................................................................2516.6.2海水FGD工艺系统..............................................................2526.7电子束脱硫技术..................................................................2536.7.1工艺原理......................................................................253 6.7.2EBA烟气脱硫系统.............................................................2546.8烟气循环流化床脱硫技术..........................................................2566.8.1烟气循环流化床脱硫装置的组成..................................................2566.8.2烟气循环流化床脱硫装置计算....................................................257 6.8.3循环流化床的其他构件..........................................................2586.8.4典型烟气循环流化床脱硫工艺....................................................2596.8.5烟气循环流化床脱硫工艺特点....................................................2626.9洁净煤技术......................................................................262 6.9.1洁净煤技术概述................................................................2626.9.2循环流化床燃烧技术............................................................2636.9.3增压循环流化床燃烧技术........................................................2636.9.4整体煤气化联合循环技术........................................................264 6.10其他脱硫技术...................................................................2666.10.1燃烧前脱硫概述...............................................................2666.10.2氨法脱硫技术.................................................................2676.10.3钠碱法脱硫技术...............................................................269 6.10.4粉媒灰(FA)脱硫工艺...........................................................2707汽车尾气净化处理技术....................................................................17.1汽车尾气污染及治理技术概述........................................................17.1.1概述............................................................................1 7.1.2汽车尾气污染物..................................................................17.2汽车催化剂基础....................................................................77.2.1汽车催化剂的特点和主要成分......................................................77.2.2汽车催化剂的封装和布局.........................................................14 7.2.3汽车催化剂中的传递与反应机理...................................................167.3汽油发动机车辆尾气后处理技术.....................................................177.3.1汽油发动机尾气的产生和组成.....................................................177.3.2三元催化剂的发展历程...........................................................18 7.3.3冷启动排放.....................................................................227.3.4汽油车颗粒捕集器...............................................................267.3.5三元催化剂的耐久性和车载诊断系统...............................................298挥发性有机物污染控制技术...............................................................36 8.1挥发性有机物污染控制概述.........................................................368.1.1挥发性有机物定义及来源.........................................................368.1.2挥发性有机物污染治理技术分类...................................................368.2吸附法治理挥发性有机污染物.......................................................39 8.2.1挥发性有机物的吸附材料.........................................................408.2.3吸附法净化挥发性有机物的工艺流程...............................................418.2.4恶臭物质的吸附净化.............................................................438.3挥发性有机污染物的催化净化.......................................................44 8.3.1催化燃烧法净化挥发性有机物.....................................................458.3.2催化燃烧法脱臭.................................................................468.3.3蓄热催化燃烧技术简介...........................................................488.4生物法处理挥发性有机污染物.......................................................49 8.4.1概述...........................................................................498.4.2挥发性有机物生物法处理工艺.....................................................518.5挥发性有机污染物回收技术.........................................................568.5.1冷凝法回收挥发性有机物.........................................................56 8.5.2吸收法回收挥发性有机物.........................................................588.5.3吸附法回收挥发性有机物.........................................................598.6燃烧法治理挥发性有机污染物.......................................................638.6.1燃烧及催化燃烧.................................................................63 8.6.2蓄热燃烧(RTO)和蓄热催化燃烧(RCO)...........................................718.6.3蓄热燃烧用的蓄热体.............................................................758.7处理挥发性有机污染物的其他技术简介...............................................778.7.1光解与光催化技术...............................................................77 8.7.2低温等离子体技术...............................................................828.7.3高温脉冲反应器(PDR)技术简介..................................................86