研究生学术交流英语

Part One Approaching Academic English UNIT 1 Getting Acquainted with Academic English...... 3 1.1 Overall Impression of Academic English..................................4 1.1.1 A Glance over Written Academic English..........................5 1.1.2 A Glimpse of Spoken Academic English............................7 1.2 Salient Features of Academic English.....................................10 1.2.1 Vocabulary........................................................................10 1.2.2 Hedging.............................................................................12 1.3 Differentiating Academic English & General English...........15 1.3.1 Main Features of Spoken Academic English....................16 1.3.2 Main Features of Written Academic English....................20 UNIT 2 Cultivating Academic English Competencies..... 23 2.1 Diagnosing Your Academic English Language Competencies....24 2.1.1 Identifying General Problems with Your Academic English Communication....................................................25 2.1.2 Understanding Specific Academic English Communication Language Abilities Scales......................28 2.1.3 Locating the Gap Between Your Language Abilities and the Standards.....................................................................32 2.2 Ways to Improve Academic Communication Competencies....34 2.2.1 Improving Academic Communication Language Abilities....34 2.2.2 Enhancing Academic English Non-language Abilities.....38 2.2.3 Grasping Essential Skills for Communication in the Main Oral Academic Scenarios........................................39 Part Two Stepping into Academia UNIT 3 Accessing Academic English Literature........... 45 3.1 Literature Sources and Types..................................................46 3.1.1 Literature Sources.............................................................47 3.1.2 Major Literature Types......................................................49 3.2 Retrieval Databases, Methods and Strategies........................51 3.2.1 Retrieval Databases...........................................................51 3.2.2 Search Terms for Retrieval...............................................54 3.2.3 Retrieving Methods...........................................................56 3.2.4 Retrieving Strategies.........................................................59 3.3 Tracking and Ordering Literature..........................................61 3.3.1 Literature Tracking and Ordering Tools............................62 3.3.2 Challenges and Precautions..............................................64 UNIT 4 Managing Academic English Literature.......... 67 4.1 Reference Management Tools..................................................68 4.1.1 Some English Literature Management Tools....................68 4.1.2 Main Features of English Literature Management Tools....69 4.2 Principles and Steps to Manage Academic English Documents....71 4.2.1 Following Some Principles to Manage Documents..........71 4.2.2 Managing Documents in Pre-reading...............................72 4.2.3 Managing Documents in Preliminary Reading.................73 4.2.4 Managing Documents in In-depth Reading......................73 4.2.5 Managing Documents in Writing......................................74 4.2.6 Important Tips for Literature Management.......................75 UNIT 5 Reviewing Academic English Literature......... 79 5.1 Selecting Sources.......................................................................80 5.1.1 Reviewing Literature........................................................81 5.1.2 Evaluating Sources............................................................84 5.2 Structuring a Literature Review.............................................89 5.2.1 Contents of a Literature Review.......................................89 5.2.2 Ways of Grouping a Literature Review............................92 5.3 Citing Sources............................................................................94 5.3.1 Plagiarism.........................................................................95 5.3.2 Summarizing, Paraphrasing and Direct Quotation...........96 5.4 Following Academic Conventions in Referencing................101 5.4.1 Styles of Referencing......................................................101 5.4.2 Verbs of Referencing.......................................................103 Part Three Basic Academic English Communication UNIT 6 Sitting in English Academic Lectures............ 109 6.1 Be Active Listeners..................................................................110 6.1.1 What Is Special of an Academic Lecture?......................111 6.1.2 Focusing on Language Use Strategy in Lectures............112 6.1.3 Taking Notes...................................................................114 6.1.4 Identifying Topic Sentences............................................117 6.2 Evaluating While Listening....................................................120 6.3 Raising Questions for Further Understanding.....................125 6.3.1 Functions of Asking Questions.......................................125 6.3.2 Purposes of Asking Questions........................................127 UNIT 7 Asking and Answering Academic Questions.... 131 7.1 Understanding Questions.......................................................132 7.1.1 Reasons for Asking Questions........................................133 7.1.2 Questioning in Q&A Session..........................................133 7.2 Asking Questions.....................................................................136 7.2.1 Template of Asking a Question.......................................136 7.2.2 Types of Questions..........................................................138 7.3 Answering Questions..............................................................142 7.3.1 General Skills for Answering Questions.........................143 7.3.2 Direct Answers................................................................145 7.3.3 Avoidance........................................................................147 UNIT 8 Corresponding for Academic Purposes......... 155 8.1 Introduction of Academic Correspondence..........................156 8.1.1 Definition of Academic Correspondence........................156 8.1.2 Various Purposes of English Academic Correspondence....157 8.2 Features of English Academic Correspondence...................160 8.2.1 Formats of Academic Correspondence...........................160 8.2.2 Language Features of Academic Correspondence..........164 8.3 Writing Strategies in Academic Correspondence................166 8.3.1 Use You-attitude Rather Than I-attitude.........................166 8.3.2 More Communicative Strategies in Correspondence.....167 Part Four Advanced Academic English Communication Identifying International Conference UNIT 9 Information...................................................... 179 9.1 Benefits of Attending International Academic Conferences....180 9.2 Information Sources on International Academic Conferences....185 9.3 Varieties of Academic Conferences........................................187 9.4 Conference Information and Major Conference Activities.....192 9.4.1 Conference Information..................................................193 9.4.2 Major Conference Activities...........................................195 UNIT 10 Making a Paper Presentation...................... 199 10.1 Structuring a Presentation...............................................200 10.1.1 Opening...................................................................201 10.1.2 Main Body..............................................................204 10.1.3 Ending.....................................................................205 10.2 Preparing a Presentation..................................................208 10.2.1 Preparation Procedure.............................................209 10.2.2 PowerPoint Design.................................................212 10.3 Delivering a Presentation.................................................215 10.3.1 Presentation Skills...................................................215 10.3.2 Verbal Expressions..................................................218 UNIT 11 Initiating Free Exchanges with Academics.... 225 11.1 Preparing a Talk with Professionals................................226 11.1.1 Topic Choosing.......................................................227 11.1.2 Information Collecting............................................227 11.1.3 Idea Organizing and Outlining................................228 11.2 Starting a Talk with Professionals...................................230 11.2.1 Talking with Familiar Professionals.......................230 11.2.2 Talking with Strangers............................................231 11.3 Deepening the Topic..........................................................231 11.4 Shifting the Topic..............................................................233 UNIT 12 Presiding over a Session............................... 235 12.1 Preparations Before the Session......................................236 12.2 Making an Opening Speech and Introducing a Speaker....239 12.2.1 Making an Opening Speech....................................240 12.2.2 Introducing a Speaker.............................................241 12.3 Q&A Sessions and Thank-You Speeches........................244 Co-constructing a Simulated International UNIT 13 Conference..................................................... 251 13.1 The Significance of Co-constructing a Simulated International Conference.................................................252 13.1.1 Distinguishing the Varieties of International Conferences............................................................253 13.1.2 Mastering the Whole Procedures of International Conferences............................................................254 13.2 Major Sessions of Simulated International Conferences.....255 13.2.1 Organization of an International Conference..........256 13.2.2 Routine Work of Organizing an International Conference..............................................................256 13.3 How to Co-construct a Simulated International Conference.....257 13.3.1 To-do list at the Very Beginning of a Simulated International Conference.........................................258 13.3.2 Promoting a Simulated International Conference.....259 13.3.3 Calling for Paper of a Simulated International Conference..............................................................261 13.3.4 Invitation Letter of a Simulated International Conference..............................................................262 13.3.5 Agenda of a Simulated International Conference.....262 13.4 The Evaluation of a Simulated International Conference.....264 References................................................................................. 267_x00C_