环境基础化学

1 Introduction ( 1 )
1.1 Chemistry and Its Branches ( 1 )
1.2 Chemistry and Environment ( 1 )
1.3 Objective and Requirements ( 4 )
1.4 Study Plan ( 5 )
1.5 Literatures ( 7 )
2 Basics of Matter Structure ( 12 )
2.1 Basic Concept of Atomic Structure ( 12 )
2.1.1 Lights and Waves ( 12 )
2.1.2 Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals ( 14 )
2.2 Electron Configurations and Periodicity ( 20 )
2.2.1 Configurations and the Pauli Exclusion Principle ( 21 )
2.2.2 Building-Up Principle and the Periodic Table ( 23 )
2.2.3 Orbital Diagrams of Atoms: Hund′s Rule ( 31 )
2.2.4 Some Periodic Properties ( 33 )
2.3 Chemical Bonds and Intermolecular Forces ( 43 )
2.3.1 Ionic Bonds ( 43 )
2.3.2 Covalent Bonds ( 43 )
2.3.3 Bonding in Metals( 46 )
2.3.4 Hybrid Orbitals ( 50 )
2.3.5 Molecular Orbital Theory( 58 )
2.3.6 Covalent Bonding Parameters( 60 )
2.3.7 Polarity of Bonds ( 60 )
2.3.8 Polarity of Molecules ( 61 )
2.3.9 Intermolecular Forces ( 62 )
2.4 Crystal Structure ( 68 )
3.1.2 Sodium and Potassium and Their Compounds ( 76 )
3.1.3 ROH Theory ( 78 )
3.1.4 Potassium and Potassium Compounds ( 80 )
3.2 Group ⅡA: The Alkaline Earth Metals ( 81 )
3.2.1 Magnesium ( 82 )
3.2.2 Calcium ( 85 )
3.2.3 The Particularity and Diagonal Rule of Lithium and Beryllium ( 86 )
3.3 Group ⅢA Elements ( 87 )
3.3.1 Aluminum Element ( 88 )
3.3.2 Aluminum Compounds ( 90 )
3.4 Hydrogen ( 93 )
3.5 Group ⅣA: The Carbon Family ( 93 )
3.5.1 Allotrope ( 93 )
3.5.2 Silicon ( 94 )
3.5.3 Tin and Lead ( 95 )
3.6 Group ⅤA: Nitrogen and the Phosphorus Family ( 98 )
3.6.1 Nitrogen and Its Important Compounds ( 98 )
3.6.2 Phosphorus and Its Important Compounds (101)
3.7 Group ⅥA: Oxygen and the Sulfur Family u56256 .? (103)
3.7.1 Oxygen and Its Compounds (103)
3.7.2 Surfer and Its Compounds (106)
3.8 Group ⅦA: The Halogens (109)
3.8.1 Halogens and Their Compounds (109)
3.8.2 Ion Polarization Theory (113)
3.9 The Transition Elements (115)
3.9.1 Chromium and Its Compounds (115)
3.9.2 Some Important Manganese Compounds (116)
3.9.3 Iron Series Elements (118)
3.9.4 Region ds Elements (120)
3.10 Group ⅧA: The Noble Gases (122)
3.11 Coordination Compounds (124)
3.11.1 Concepts of Coordination Compounds (124)
3.11.2 Writing and Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds (129)
3.11.3 The Chemical Bond Theory of Coordination Compounds Structure (131)
3.11.4 Conditions for the Formation of Coordination Bonds (132 )
3.11.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Valence Bond Theory (134)
3.11.6 Applications of Coordination Chemistry (134)
Chapter 4 Solution Chemistry (139)
4.1 General Properties of Solution (139)
4.1.1 Ways of Expressing Concentration (139)
4.1.2 Vapor Pressure of a Solution (142)
4.1.3 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression (145)
4.1.4 Osmosis (149)
4.2 Acid-Base Concepts (154)
4.2.1 Brief Introduction of Acid-Base Theory (154)
4.2.2 Acid-Base Dissociation Equilibrium (157)
4.2.3 Distribution of Acid-Base Forms in Different pH Solutions (159)
4.2.4 Calculation of pH of Acid and Alkali Solution (162)
4.2.5 Buffer Solution and Its Application (169)
4.2.6 Acidity and Alkalinity in Water Environment (176)
4.2.7 Experimental Determination of pH Value of Solution (176)
4.3 Dissociation Equilibrium of Complex Ions (177)
4.3.1 Stability Constants of Complexes (177)
4.3.2 Factors Affecting the Stability of Complexes in Solution (178)
4.4 Polyphase Ionic Equilibrium of the Insoluble Electrolyte (181)
4.4.1 Solubility of Solid Matter (181)
4.4.2 Precipitation and Dissolution Balance of Insoluble Electrolyte (181)
4.4.3 Equilibrium Constant of Precipitation Dissolution-Solubility
Product (182)
4.4.4 Factors Affecting the Equilibrium of Precipitation Dissolution (183)
4.4.5 Solubility Product Rule (183)
4.4.6 Application of Precipitation Reaction (184)
4.5 Water Purification and Wastewater Treatment (186)
4.5.1 Coagulation and Flocculation (187)
4.5.2 Activated Sludge Process (189)
4.5.3 Biofilm Process (193)
4.5.4 Membrane Bioreactor u56256 .? (194)
4.5.5 Filtration and Reverse Osmosis (196)
5 Organic Compounds and Reaction (200 )
5.1 Alkanes (200)
5.1.1 Nomenclature of Alkanes (202)
5.1.2 Cycloalkanes (208)
5.1.3 Physical Properties of Alkanes (209)
5.1.4 Chemical Properties of Alkanes (211)
5.2 Alkenes and Alkynes (213)
5.2.1 Structures of Alkenes and Alkynes (214)
5.2.2 Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes (214)
5.2.3 Physical Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes (219)
5.2.4 Chemical Properties of Alkenes (219)
5.2.5 Chemical Properties of Alkynes (222)
5.3 Benzene and Its Derivatives (223)
5.3.1 Structure of Benzene (223)
5.3.2 Physical Properties of Aromatic Compounds (226)
5.3.3 Chemical Properties of Aromatic Compounds (226)
5.4 Organic Compounds Containing Functional Groups (227)
5.4.1 Halogenated Hydrocarbons u56256 .? (227)
5.4.2 Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen (232)
5.4.3 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen (251)
5.5 Mechanisms of Organic Reactions (258)
5.5.1 Some Reactive Intermediates in Organic Reaction (258)
5.5.2 The Major Reactions and Mechanisms (266)
5.6 Organic Pollution in Environment (280)
5.6.1 Gaseous Organic Pollution (281)
5.6.2 Organic Pollution of Water Body (281)
5.6.3 Priority Pollutants (283)
5.6.4 Persistent Organic Pollutants (283)
5.6.5 Organic Pollutants and Organic Pollution Chemistry (285)
5.7 Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry (287)
5.7.1 Hydrolysis Reaction (287)
5.7.2 Oxidation of Environmental Organic Compounds (291)
5.7.3 Reduction of Environmental Organic Compounds (296)
Chapter 6 Polymers (305 )
6.1 Basics of Polymers (305)
6.1.1 Basic Terms and Definitions (305)
6.1.2 Nomenclature of Polymers (306)
6.1.3 Classification of Polymers (308)
6.1.4 Characteristics of Polymers (311)
6.2 Polymer Synthesis (311)
6.2.1 Condensation and Addition Polymerization (312)
6.2.2 Step Polymerization and Chain Polymerization (312)
6.2.3 Other Types of Polymerization (315)
6.3 Polymer Structure and Properties (315)
6.3.1 Polymer Structure (315)
6.3.2 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) and Flow Temperature (Tf) (318)
6.3.3 Physical Properties of Polymers (319)
6.4 Polymer Processing and Modification (321)
6.4.1 Polymer Processing (321)
6.4.2 Polymer Modification (321)
6.5 Applications of Polymers (323)
6.5.1 Plastics (324)
6.5.2 Rubbers (329)
6.5.3 Fibers (330)
6.5.4 Photosensitive Materials (332)
6.5.5 Composite Materials (333)
6.5.6 Biomedical Materials (334)
6.6 Degradation of Polymers (336)
6.6.1 Hydrolysis (336)
6.6.2 Enzymatic Degradation or Biodegradation (337)
6.6.3 Oxidative Degradation (338)
6.6.4 Thermal Decomposition Reactions (339)
6.6.5 Electron Beam Depolymerization (339)
6.7 Polymers for Environmental Protection (339)
6.7.1 Ion Exchange Resins (IER) (340)
6.7.2 Polymeric Flocculants (345)
6.7.3 Polymeric Membranes for Separation (347)
6.7.4 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) (360 )
7 Basics of Biomolecules (366)
7.1 Carbohydrates (366)
7.1.1 Monosaccharides (367)
7.1.2 Disaccharides (377)
7.1.3 Polysaccharides (380)
7.2 Fatty Acids and Lipids (382)
7.2.1 Fats and Oils (383)
7.2.2 Fatty Acids (386)
7.2.3 Glycerophospholipids (388)
7.2.4 Waxes (390)
7.2.5 Steroids (391)
7.3 Amino Acids and Proteins (392)
7.3.1 Amino Acids (392)
7.3.2 Peptides (397)
7.3.3 Proteins (398)
7.4 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids (403)
7.4.1 Nucleotides (404)
7.4.2 Structures of Nucleic Acids (409)
7.4.3 Physicochemical Properties of Nucleic Acids (414)
7.5 Enzymes