微型流化床:基础与应用:fundamentals and applications

Chapter 1 Introduction　001
1．1 Fluidization and fluidized bed　001
1．2 Typical ΔPB-Ug relationship　003
1．3 Geldart powder classification　006
1．4 Gas-solid fluidization regimes　007
1．5 Fluidization applications　010
1．6 Miniaturization of fluidized beds　013
1．7 Micro fluidized bed applications　017
1．8 Sources of information on micro fluidization　018
Abbreviation　019
Nomenclature　019
References　020

Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Gas-Solid Micro Fluidization　027
2．1 Bed pressure drops in micro fluidized beds　027
2．1．1 The bed pressure drop overshoot　028
2．1．2 The bed pressure drop offset　030
2．1．3 Deviation from the Ergun equation　033
2．2 Mechanistic analysis of the wall effects　036
2．2．1 The wall frictional force　038
2．2．2 Increase in bed voidage　043
2．2．3 Inhomogeneous flow　045
2．3 Discussions on the wall effects　050
2．4 Other influencing factors　053
2．4．1 Influence of particle diameter　053
2．4．2 Influence of gas properties　055
2．4．3 Influence of temperature　056
Abbreviation　057
Nomenclature　057
References　059

Chapter 3 Gas and Solid Mixing　062
3．1 Experimental and analytic techniques　062
3．1．1 Gas residence time distribution　063
3．1．2 Axial dispersion model　065
3．2 Gas mixing　069
3．2．1 Gas residence time distribution　069
3．2．2 Axial gas dispersion coefficient　071
3．2．3 Two-phase model analysis　072
3．2．4 The criteria for plug flow of gas in micro fluidized beds　077
3．3 Solid mixing　081
3．3．1 Solid mixing simulation　081
3．3．2 Particle feeding simulation　082
Abbreviation　086
Nomenclature　086
References　088

Chapter 4 Micro Fluidization Regimes　090
4．1 Experimental observations　090
4．2 Fixed bed　092
4．3 Minimum fluidization velocity　096
4．3．1 Factors influencing Umf　096
4．3．2 Prediction of minimum fluidization velocity　099
4．4 Particulate fluidization　102
4．5 Bubbling fluidized bed　104
4．5．1 The onset of bubbling fluidization　104
4．5．2 Prediction of minimum bubbling velocity　107
4．5．3 Bubble size　108
4．6 Slugging fluidized bed　109
4．6．1 The onset of slugging fluidization　109
4．6．2 Prediction of slugging velocity　111
4．7 Turbulent fluidized bed　113
4．7．1 The onset of turbulent fluidization　113
4．7．2 Prediction of transition velocity Uc　115
4．8 Distinction between micro and macro fluidized beds　116
4．9 Fluidization regime map for micro fluidized beds　119
Nomenclature　125
References　127

Chapter 5 Hydrodynamic Modeling of Micro Fluidized Beds　129
5．1 CFD modeling approaches　129
5．2 Two-fluid method　132
5．2．1 TFM formulation　132
5．2．2 TFM simulations and validations　136
5．2．3 TFM-predicted MFB hydrodynamics　140
5．3 The discrete element method　144
5．3．1 Model formulation　145
5．3．2 DEM simulations and validations　146
5．3．3 DEM-predicted MFB hydrodynamics　147
5．4 A brief discussion and future perspective　152
Abbreviation　153
Nomenclature　153
References　154

Chapter 6 Microreactors for Thermal Analysis of Gas-Solid Thermochemical Reactions　158
6．1 Thermal analysis approaches　158
6．1．1 Thermochemical reaction pathways　158
6．1．2 General requirements for thermal analysis approaches　159
6．2 Microreactors for thermal analysis　163
6．2．1 General approaches and requirements　163
6．2．2 Classification of microreactors　163
6．3 Furnace heating micro reactors　166
6．3．1 Micro fixed bed reactor　166
6．3．2 Gas pulsed microreactor　167
6．3．3 Thermogravimetric analyzer　168
6．3．4 The single and tandem ?-reactors　170
6．3．5 Drop-tube reactor　172
6．3．6 Catalyst cell fluidized bed reactor　173
6．4 Resistively heated micro reactors　174
6．4．1 Wire mesh reactor　174
6．4．2 Curie point reactor　176
6．4．3 Pulse-heated analysis of solid reaction reactor　177
6．4．4 Microprobe reactor　178
6．5 Particle bed heating micro reactors　178
6．5．1 Micro spouted bed reactor　178
6．5．2 Micro fluidized bed reactor　179
6．6 Other non-resistively heating micro reactors　180
6．6．1 Microwave microreactor　180
6．6．2 Laser ablation reactor　180
6．6．3 Thermal plasma reactor　181
6．7 Remarks　182
Abbreviation　184
References　184

Chapter 7 System of Micro Fluidized Bed Reaction Analysis　188
7．1 System configurations　189
7．1．1 System configurations of micro fluidized bed reaction analyzer　189
7．1．2 Micro fluidized bed reactor design　192
7．1．3 Solid sample feeding method　194
7．1．4 Liquid sample feeding method　195
7．1．5 Online gas sampling and analysis　196
7．1．6 Online particle sampling　197
7．1．7 Change of reaction atmosphere　198
7．2 Kinetic data analysis　200
7．2．1 Data acquisition　200
7．2．2 Data processing　201
7．2．3 Kinetic modeling　202
7．3 New developments in MFBRA　203
7．3．1 MFB thermogravimetric analyzer　203
7．3．2 Induction heating MFB　205
7．3．3 External force assistance　206
7．3．4 Micro spouted bed reaction analyzer　208
7．3．5 Membrane-assisted micro fluidized beds　208
7．3．6 Other developments　209
Abbreviation　209
Nomenclature　210
References　211

Chapter 8 Characteristics of Micro Fluidized Bed Reaction Analyzers　215
8．1 Approaching intrinsic kinetics　215
8．1．1 High heating and cooling rates　216
8．1．2 Effective suppression of diffusion　217
8．1．3 Close-to-plug flow of gas　220
8．1．4 Bed homogeneity　222
8．1．5 Applied kinetics　222
8．2 Understanding reaction mechanism　226
8．2．1 Revealing the true character of fast reactions　226
8．2．2 Detecting intermediary reactions　228
8．2．3 Decoding the reaction mechanism　229
8．2．4 Reactions with in/ex-situ solid particles　230
8．2．5 Non-isothermal differential applications　232
8．3 Reactions under water vapor atmosphere　233
8．3．1 High moisture content feedstocks　233
8．3．2 Reactions with steam as reactants　234
8．4 Sampling and characterization of solid particles during a reaction process　235
8．5 Multistage gas-solid reaction processes　236
8．6 Reaction kinetics under product gas inhibitory atmospheres　238
8．6．1 Isotope tagging method　238
8．6．2 Comparisons between the micro fluidized bed and thermogravimeter　239
Abbreviation　240
Nomenclature　241
References　241

Chapter 9 Applications of Micro Fluidized Beds　244
9．1 Drying　244
9．2 Adsorption　245
9．2．1 CO2 capture using capsulated liquid sorbents　246
9．2．2 CO2 capture using solid adsorbents　247
9．2．3 CO2 capture by gas-solid reactions　247
9．3 Catalytic reaction　249
9．3．1 Catalytic gas reaction　249
9．3．2 Catalytic gas-solid reaction　250
9．4 Thermal decomposition　255
9．4．1 Liquid decomposition　255
9．4．2 Solid decomposition　256
9．5 Pyrolysis　257
9．5．1 Biomass pyrolysis　258
9．5．2 Coal and oil shale pyrolysis　259
9．5．3 Blended material pyrolysis　259
9．6 Thermal cracking　262
9．7 Gasification　264
9．7．1 Biomass gasification　264
9．7．2 Coal gasification　265
9．7．3 In/ex-situ char gasification　265
9．8 Combustion　267
9．8．1 Decoupling combustion　267
9．8．2 Oxy-fuel combustion　268
9．8．3 Chemical looping combustion　269
9．8．4 In/ex-situ chart combustion　270
9．9 Reduction　272
9．9．1 Iron ore reduction　272
9．9．2 Nitrogen oxide reduction by tar　273
9．9．3 WO3 reduction-sulfurization　273
9．10 Other reactions　274
References　274

Chapter 10 Applications of MFBR in Industrial Process Development　281
10．1 Advanced combustion with low-NOx emissions　281
10．1．1 Low-NOx combustion technology　281
10．1．2 NOx reduction by pyrolysis products　283
10．1．3 Pilot experiments and commercial application　287
10．2 Reaction characteristics tested by MFBRA for biomass staged gasification　290
10．2．1 Staged gasification process analysis using MFBRA　290
10．2．2 Characteristics of gasification sub-processes by MFBRA　291
10．2．3 Design of an industrial FBTS gasification process　299
10．3 Light calcination of magnesite using transported bed　301
10．3．1 Existing technology and equipment　302
10．3．2 Kinetic analysis of magnesite calcination　302
10．3．3 Advanced transport bed calcination process　304
10．3．4 Engineering commissioning of a 400 kt/a industrial process　306
Abbreviation　307
Nomenclature　308
References　308

Chapter 11 Characterization of Liquid-Solid Micro Fluidized Beds　311
11．1 Introduction　311
11．2 Hydrodynamics properties　312
11．2．1 Manufacturing methods　312
11．2．2 Minimum fluidization velocity　313
11．2．3 Mixing　318
11．2．4 Mass transfer　319
11．3 Applications　322
11．3．1 Chemical conversions　322
11．3．2 Bioprocessing and bioproduction　322
11．3．3 Other applications　329
11．3．4 Challenges and prospects for MFB scaling-up　329
11．4 Conclusion　330
Abbreviation　330
Nomenclature　331
References　331

Chapter 12 Characterization of Gas-Liquid-Solid Micro Fluidized Beds　338
12．1 Hydrodynamics　338
12．1．1 Pressure drop and minimum fluidization velocity　338
12．1．2 Flow regimes， expanded behavior， solid holdup， and multi-bubble behavior　349
12．2 Applications　366
12．2．1 Chemical reactions　366
12．2．2 Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB)　367
12．2．3 Catalytic oxidation of crotonaldehyde to crotonic acid　372
12．3 Summary　375
Nomenclature　375
References　377

Future Prospects　378