语用学视角下的变异与演变

preface　to　the　series
acknowledgements
　introduction:　from　instances　of　change　to　explanations　of　change
miriam　fried
1.　approaches　to　variation　and　change　
2.　diachronic　analysis　and　'pathways'　of　change
3.　intra-lingual　variation
4.　cross-language　variation
5.　summary　and　outlook
borrowing
jeanine　treffers-daller
1.　introduction
2.　short　historical　overview
3.　definitions　of　borrowing:　terminological　issues
4.　different　types/classifications　of　borrowing
5.　the　integration　of　borrowings
6.　constraints
7.　quantitative　approaches
8.　psycholinguistic　approaches
contact　linguistics
michael　meeuwis　&　jan-ola　ostman
1.　introduction
2.　contact　in　relation　to　classificatory　bases　in　linguistics
3.　contact　and　location
4.　direction　of　interference
5.　indirect　influence　in　language　contact
6.　contact　as　process:　towards　pragmatics
creoles　and　creolization
salikoko　mufwene
dialect
ronald　macaulay
1.　introduction
2.　other　labels
　2.1　variety
　2.2　lect
　2.3　vernacular
　2.4　social　dialects
3.　dialects　as　local　forms　of　speech
4.　some　examples　of　dialect　studies
5.　some　recent　developments　in　the　u.s.
dialectology
georges　de　schutter
1.　definition
2.　an　outline　of　history
3.　aims　of　the　investigation
　3.1　the　impact　of　history　on　the　origin　and　evolution　of　languages
　3.2　linguistic　reconstruction
　3.3　the　study　of　universals　of　language,　especially　implicational　scales
　3.4　sociopragmatic　and　attitudinal　aspects
　3.5　communicative　aspects
4.　dialect　atlases
evolutionary　pragmatics
　wolfgang　wildgen
1.　pragmaticism,　pragmatics,　adaptation　and　the　evolution　of　language
2.　sign-functions　and　their　evolutionary　significance
　2.1　the　triad　of　sign　functions
　2.2　the　evolutionary　interpretation　of　the　triad　of　functions
　2.3　selective　value　of　communication　and　symbolic　behavior
3.　can　the　pragmatics　of　tool　production　and　tool-use　tell　us　something　about　the　origin　of　language?
　3.1　instrumentality　in　higher　mammals　and　man
　3.2　is　tool-making　a　pragmatic　source　of　propositional　semantics?
　3.3　cro-magnon　life　space　and　the　pragmatic　space　of　decorated　caves
4.　from　ecological　to　cultural　pragmatics
5.　conclusions
historical　linguistics
louis　goossens
1.　introduction
2.　hl　in　pre-generative　work
3.　hl　and　generative　grammar
4.　new　perspectives
5.　explicit
historical　pragmatics
andreas　h.　]ucker
1　introduction
2.　origins
3.　data　problems
4.　topics
　4.1　discourse　markers
　4.2　speech　acts
　4.3　politeness
5.　new　perspectives
implicature　and　language　change
kate　kearns
1.　introduction
2.　analyses　citing　conversational　principles
3.　implicature　and　metaphor
4.　implicature,　metonymy　and　merger
5.　inferences　based　on　lexical　concepts
6.　summary
interlanguage　pragmatics
gabriele　kasper
1.　definition　and　scope
2.　pragmatic　comprehension
　2.1　comprehension　of　nonliteral　utterances
　2.2　assessment　of　politeness
　2.3　sociopragmatic　assessment
3.　production　of　linguistic　action
4.　development　of　pragmatic　competence
　4.1　cross-sectional　studies
　4.2　longitudinal　studies
　4.3　theoretical　accounts
5.　pragmatic　transfer
　5.1　definition
　5.2　positive　transfer
　5.3　negative　transfer
　5.4　transferability
6.　communicative　effect
7.　pragmatic　norms
8.　language　teaching
9.　research　methods
lo.　further　reading
jargon
luisa　martin　rojo
1.　introduction
2.　studies　of　delinquent　jargon　and　the　introduction　of　a　'value-giving　measure'
3.　interpretations　of　antilanguages　and　their　functions
　3.1　halliday:　the　concept　of　antilanguage
　3.2　sociolinguistic　functions　of　delinquent　jargon
4.　varieties　of　jargon
5.　conclusions
language　change
raymond　hickey
1.　introduction
2.　issues　in　language　change
　2.1　internal　and　external　factors
　2.2　simplicity　and　symmetry
　2.3　iconicity　and　indexicality
　2.4　markedness　and　naturalness
　2.5　telic　changes　and　epiphenomena
　2.6　mergers　and　distinctions
　2.7　possible　changes
　2.8　unidirectionality　of　change
　2.9　ebb　and　flow
　3.　change　and　levels　of　language
　3.1　phonological　change
　3.2　morphological　change
　3.3　syntactic　change
4.　the　study　of　universal　grammar
　4.1　the　principles　and　parameters　model
5.　semantic　change
6.　pragmatic　change
7.　methodologies
　7.1　comparative　method
　7.2　internal　reconstruction
　7.3　analogy
8.　sociolinguistic　investigations
　8.1　data　collection　methods
　8.2　genre　variation　and　stylistics
9.　pathways　of　change
　9.1　long-term　change:　grammaticalization
　9.2　large-scale　changes:　the　typological　perspective
10.　contact　accounts
11.　language　areas　(sprachbiinde)
12.　conclusion
language　contact
yaron　matras
1.　introduction
2.　societal　multilingualism
3.　the　bilingual　individual
4.　language　mixing　in　conversation
5.　contact-induced　language　change
6.　contact,　typology　and　language　classification
7.　concluding　remarks
reconstruction
derek　nurse
register
norbert　dittrnar
1.　history　of　the　term　'register'
2.　systematization　of　the　term
3.　perspectives
　3.1　functional　linguistics　a　la　ferguson
　3.2　intercultural　communication
　3,3　linguistic　pragmatics
　3.4　variation　linguistics
typology
bernard　comrie
variational　pragmatics
klaus　p.　schneider
1.　introduction
2.　pragmatic　coordinates
　2.1　the　scope　of　pragmatics
　2.2　the　place　in　pragmatics
　2.3　levels　of　pragmatic　analysis
3.　variational　coordinates
　3.1　variation　and　identity
　3.2　pragmatic　variation
　3.3　what　is　a　pragmatic　variable?
4.　methodological　concerns
　4.1　some　basic　principles
　4.2　data
5.　development
　5.1　history
　5.2　research　trends
6.　perspectives
index