哲人神彩:100位世界著名哲学家肖像

泰勒斯｜Thales 泰勒斯（约前624—前546），古希腊思想家、科学家、哲学家，希腊*早的哲学学派——米利都学派的创始人。希腊七贤之首，西方思想史上**个有记载的思想家，被称为“科学和哲学之祖”。 泰勒斯是人类**个成功观测日食的科学家，他在公元前585年，成功预测了一次日食。他有两个著名故事。一是预测橄榄丰收。有人讥笑哲学家无用与贫穷，他说我们可以凭借知识致富。他夜观天象，预测明年橄榄树丰收，于是他先租下榨橄榄油的机器，等到来年丰收的时候，他把榨橄榄油的机器再转租出去，赚了一把。另一个是仰望星空的故事。泰勒斯夜观天象，不慎掉到土井里，侍女嘲笑说，一个连地上事物都看不清楚的人，还怎么能观察天上事物呢？德国哲学家黑格尔评价说:“他们不知道哲学家也在嘲笑他们不能自由地跌入坑内，因为他们永远躺在坑里出不来了，因为他们不能观看那更高远的东西。”泰勒斯的哲学观点用一句话来总结就是“水生万物，万物复归于水”，他认为世界的本源是水。 Thales (c. 624－546 BC) was an ancient Greek thinker, scientist and philosopher. He is known as the founder of the Miletus School, the oldest branch of Greek philosophy. Topping the Seven Sages of Greece, he is considered to be the first historically recognized thinker in Western civilization, inspiring a reputation as the “father of science and philosophy.” Thales was the first scientist in recorded human history to observe and analyze a solar eclipse. In fact, he predicted the solar eclipse in 585 BC. A story recounts how Thales achieved riches from an olive harvest by predicting the weather. Philosophers of the era had a reputation of being useless and poor, but Thales demonstrated how knowledge could help attain wealth. By observing astronomical phenomena, he predicted an abundant olive harvest the next year and reserved presses in far advance, at a discount, to be sublet at a high price when demand peaked after his prediction came true. This speculation earned him a huge amount of money. Another famous story about Thales has him falling into a well because his eyes were busy searching the heavens for its secrets. German philosopher Hegel commented, “The philosopher was able to think and inquire freely, but those who mocked him were lying in the bottom of the well forever—because they could not see far.” Thales believed that all things derived from water and eventually returned to water, and held that the originating principle of nature was water. 阿那克西曼德｜Anaximander 阿那克西曼德（约前610—前545），古希腊哲学家，据传是泰勒斯的学生。阿那克西曼德出生于米利都。他的论文《自然论》只有短简残章留下来，这是希腊**部哲学著作，也是**部用希腊文写的散文著作。他多才多艺，拉尔修在《名哲言行录》中称：“他还制造了时钟以报时。他**个在地图上描绘大地和海洋的轮廓，此外他还制造了地球仪。” 阿那克西曼德认为万物都起源于一种简单的元质，它既不是泰勒斯所说的水，也不是赫拉克利特所说的永恒的火，他认为物质的“本原”是不定的或无限制的实在，他叫这样的东西为“阿派朗”。 阿那克西曼德认为人是从一种鱼类演化而来的，后世追认他为进化论的理论先驱。阿那克西曼德所著《论自然》，大部分已散佚。他的论述只有一个神秘的句子流传至今：“万物所由之而生的东西，万物毁灭后复归于它，这是命运规定了的，因为万物按照时间的秩序，为它们彼此间的不正义而互相偿补。”德国哲学家海德格尔认为这是“西方思想*古老的箴言”。 Anaximander (c. 610－545 BC) was a Greek philosopher. He is considered to be a student of Thales. He was born in Miletus. Only parts of his thesis On nature have survived. The thesis, written in prose, is considered to be the first philosophical work in Greece. In his Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, Diogenes Laertius called Anaximander a versatile man who invented the clock, first created a map of the world by portraying its continents and oceans and made a terrestrial globe. Anaximander held that the indefinite, which he called apeiron, was the source of all things, neither the water Thales surmised nor the infinite fire according to Heraclitus. He believed this substance to be infinite and unlimited. Anaximander claimed that human beings originated from sea fish. Therefore, later generations considered him the foremost pioneer of the theory of evolution. Most fragments of his thesis On nature have been lost, but one of his most famous statements remains: “The source from which existing things derive their existence is also that to which they return at their destruction, according to necessity; for they give justice and make reparation to one another for their injustice, according to the arrangement of Time.” German philosopher Martin Heidegger called this statement the oldest proverb of Western philosophy.