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新时代·职场新技能学会提问(第11版)(英文版)

新时代·职场新技能学会提问(第11版)(英文版)

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  • ISBN:9787302533030
  • 装帧:一般胶版纸
  • 册数:暂无
  • 重量:暂无
  • 开本:其他
  • 页数:268
  • 出版时间:2020-08-01
  • 条形码:9787302533030 ; 978-7-302-53303-0

本书特色

“我知道做个慎思明辨的人挺好的,会问很多恰到好处的问题也挺不错,可我就是不知道该问哪些问题,也不知道怎么个问法。”很多人不知道怎样切实有效地提出一些批判性问题,希望我们能提供较为详尽的指导,鉴于此,我们专门撰写了这本书,以满足大家的需求,目前这已是本书的第11 版了。只有学会独立思考和判断,也只有经过批判性问题的层层考验后形成的决定和信念,才让我们觉得更加理直气壮。任何东西想要进入我们的头脑,首先就得接受我们信奉的一些特定标准的检验,我们为此倍感自豪。 本书*为显著的特色之一就是它的适用范围远远超出了你的想象,延伸到形形色色的生活实践之中。与批判性思维联系在一起的种种习惯和态度,可以被灵活运用到消费、医疗、法律及一般伦理和个人的抉择当中。此外,坚持用这些批判性思维提问也可以巩固我们不断增长的知识,帮助我们更快地发现世界运行的规律,更好地理解这个世界,以及怎样做才能让世界变得更美好。

内容简介

本书具有简明扼要、清楚易懂以及篇幅短小的特色。这本小书出色地完成了它的既定目标——传授批判性思考和提问的技能。40多年向学生传授批判性思维技能的经验也让我们确信,尽管学生们能力有差异、术业有专攻,只要我们用简单易懂的方法向他们传授批判性思维的技能,他们很快就能成功地将其应用于各种实践。在学以致用的过程中,他们的信心逐步增强,在重大社会问题和个人问题方面,他们做出理性抉择的能力也与日俱增,哪怕面对从前极少经历过的重大问题,他们也一样可以应对自如。 虽然本书主要是从我们的课堂教学经验中总结出来的,但它的目标在于指导绝大多数人培养更佳的阅读和倾听习惯。对于它旨在培养的种种技能,任何一个不盲从、盲信的读者都需要将之拿来用作理性判断的基础。本书所反复强调的批判性问题可以提高我们的论证能力,不管我们受过的正规教育有多少。你在书里的收获,相信会大大出乎你的意料。

目录

CHAPTER

1

The Benefit and Manner of Asking the

Right Questions 1


The Noisy, Confused World We Live in 1

Experts Cannot Rescue Us, Despite What They

Say 4

The Necessity of Relying on Our Mind 5

Critical Thinking to the Rescue 6

The Sponge and Panning for Gold: Alternative

Thinking Styles 8

Weak-Sense and Strong-Sense Critical Thinking 10


The Importance of Practice 12


Critical Thinking and Other People 12


Values and Other People 12

Primary Values of a Critical Thinker 14


Keeping the Conversation Going 16


Creating a Friendly Environment for

Communication 19


CHAPTER

2

Speed Bumps Interfering with Your Critical

Thinking 20


The Discomfort of Asking the Right Questions 21

Thinking Too Quickly 21



Stereotypes 22

Mental Habits That Betray Us 23


Halo Effect 24

Belief Perseverance 24

Availability Heuristic 26

Answering the Wrong Question 27


Egocentrism 28

Wishful Thinking: Perhaps the Biggest Single Speed

Bump on the Road to Critical Thinking 29


CHAPTER 3 What Are the Issue and the Conclusion? 33


Kinds of Issues 34

Searching for the Issue 36

Searching for the Author’s or Speaker’s

Conclusion 37

Using This Critical Question 39

Clues to Discovery: How to Find the Conclusion 39

Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and

Speaking 40


Narrowing Your Issue Prior to Writing 41

Cluing Your Reader into Your Conclusion 42


Practice Exercises 42

Sample Responses 44


CHAPTER 4 What Are the Reasons? 47


Initiating the Questioning Process 50

Words That Identify Reasons 52



Kinds of Reasons 52

Keeping the Reasons and Conclusions Straight 53

Using This Critical Question 54


Reasons First, Then Conclusions 54


Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and

Speaking 55


Exploring Possible Reasons before Reaching

a

Conclusion 55

Identify Major Publications That Cover Your

Issue 56

Helping Your Readers Identify Your Reasons 57



Practice Exercises 57

Sample Responses 59


What Words or Phrases Are

Ambiguous? 62


The Confusing Flexibility of Words 63

Locating Key Terms and Phrases 64

Checking for Ambiguity 67

Using This Critical Question 67

Determining Ambiguity 68

Context and Ambiguity 70

Using This Critical Question 72

Ambiguity, Definitions, and the Dictionary 72

Ambiguity and Loaded Language 75

Limits of Your Responsibility to Clarify Ambiguity 76

Ambiguity and Your Own Writing and Speaking 77



CHAPTER

5



Keeping Your Eye Out for Ambiguity 77


Practice Exercises 79

Sample Responses 80


CHAPTER

6

What Are the Value and Descriptive

Assumptions? 84


General Guide for Identifying Assumptions 87

Value Conflicts and Assumptions 88

From Values to Value Assumptions 89

Typical Value Conflicts 91

The Communicator’s Background as a Clue to Value

Assumptions 92

Consequences as Clues to Value Assumptions 92

More Hints for Finding Value Assumptions 94

The Value of Knowing the Value Priorities of

Others 95

Using This Critical Question 96

Values and Relativism 96

Identifying and Evaluating Descriptive

Assumptions 97

Illustrating Descriptive Assumptions 97

Common Descriptive Assumptions 100

Clues for Locating Assumptions 101

Avoiding Analysis of Trivial Assumptions 103

Assumptions and Your Own Writing and

Speaking 104

Practice Exercises 106

Sample Responses 108


CHAPTER

7



CHAPTER

8



Are There Any Fallacies in the

Reasoning? 110


A Questioning Approach to Finding Reasoning


Fallacies 112

Evaluating Assumptions as a Starting Point 114

Discovering Other Common Reasoning


Fallacies 116

Looking for Diversions 123

Sleight of Hand: Begging the Question 126

Using This Critical Question 127

Summary of Reasoning Errors 127

Expanding Your Knowledge of Fallacies 128

Practice Exercises 128

Sample Responses 130


How Good Is the Evidence: Intuition, Personal

Experience, Case Examples, Testimonials,

and Appeals to Authority? 133


The Need for Evidence 134

Locating Factual Claims 136

Sources of Evidence 137

Intuition as Evidence 139

Personal Experience as Evidence 140

Case Examples as Evidence 141

Testimonials as Evidence 143

Appeals to Authority as Evidence 145

Using This Critical Question 149


Your Academic Writing and Evidence 149


Practice Exercises 150

Sample Responses 152


CHAPTER

9

How Good Is the Evidence: Personal

Observation, Research Studies, and

Analogies? 153


Personal Observation as Evidence 153

Research Studies as Evidence 154


General Problems with Research Findings 156


Generalizing from the Research Sample 162

Generalizing from the Research Measures 164

Biased Surveys and Questionnaires 166

Analogies as Evidence 169


Identifying and Comprehending Analogies 170


Evaluating Analogies 171


When You Can Most Trust Expert Opinion 174


Research and the Internet 176


Practice Exercises 178

Sample Responses 179


CHAPTER 10

Are There Rival Causes? 181


When to Look for Rival Causes 182


The Pervasiveness of Rival Causes 183


Detecting Rival Causes 185


The Cause or a Cause 185


Multiple Perspectives as a Guide to Rival

Causes 187


Rival Causes for Differences Between Groups 188


Confusing Causation with Association 190

Confusing “After This” with “Because of This” 192

Explaining Individual Events or Acts 193

Evaluating Rival Causes 194

Rival Causes and Your Own Communication 195


Exploring Potential Causes 196


Practice Exercises 197

Sample Responses 199


CHAPTER 11 Are the Statistics Deceptive? 201


Unknowable and Biased Statistics 203

Confusing Averages 204

Concluding One Thing, Proving Another 207

Deceiving by Omitting Information 208

Using Statistics in Your Writing 210

Practice Exercises 211

Sample Responses 212


CHAPTER 12

What Significant Information Is Omitted?

215


The Benefits of Detecting Omitted Information 216

The Certainty of Incomplete Reasoning 217

Questions That Identify Omitted Information 219

But We Need to Know the Numbers 220

The Importance of the Negative View 223

Omitted Information That Remains Missing 225

Using This Critical Question 225

Practice Exercises 225

Sample Responses 227

CHAPTER 13

What Reasonable Conclusions Are

Possible? 229


Dichotomous Thinking: Impediment to Considering

Multiple Conclusions 230


Two Sides or Many? 232


Productivity of If-Clauses 233


The Liberating Effect of Recognizing Alternative

Conclusions 234


Summary 235


Practice Exercises 236


Sample Responses 237


Final Word 238



Index 240


展开全部

作者简介

M.尼尔??布朗 博林格林州立大学(Bowling Green State University)的杰出经济学教授。获有托雷多大学法学博士学位和得克萨斯大学的博士学位。曾经合著7本书,并在专业期刊发表100余篇研究论文。曾被威斯康星大学、印第安纳大学、科罗拉多大学等几十所大学聘请,协助其培养教职员工的批判性思维技巧。他是《韩国批判性思维》期刊的编委会成员,还是“国际批判性思维大会”的主要发言人。2001年获博林格林州立大学“终生成就奖”,2002年获博林格林州立大学“杰出教学能力奖”,以及美国教育促进与支持委员会的“全国年度杰出教授”银牌奖章、“俄亥俄州年度杰出教授”等许多全国性和地方性的荣誉称号。近期为美国国家安全部、IBM公司、乐高公司、新加坡K2B国际公司、美国商学院联盟、美国空军研究院等众多机构及公司提供批判性思维的训练及咨询服务。 斯图尔特??M.基利 美国伊利诺伊大学心理学博士。现为美国博林格林州立大学心理学教授。

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