脑与认知科学基础

目录 第 1章认知与计算 ............................................................................................ 1 1.1认知 ........................................................................................................1 1.2元认知 ....................................................................................................2 1.3认知计算 .................................................................................................2 1.4脑结构与功能 ..........................................................................................3 1.5三位一体 ...............................................................................................10 1.6脑与认知框架 ........................................................................................11 1.7人类脑计划 ............................................................................................12 习题 .............................................................................................................13 第 2章方法与技术 ...........................................................................................15 2.1心理学方法 ............................................................................................15 2.1.1反应时法 ....................................................................................15 2. 1.2眼动分析法 .................................................................................15 2. 1.3口语报告分析法 ..........................................................................15 2. 1.4内隐联想测验..............................................................................16 2. 1.5计算机模拟法..............................................................................16 2.2电生理学方法 ........................................................................................16 2. 2.1膜片钳技术 .................................................................................16 2. 2.2细胞记录法 .................................................................................16 2. 2.3脑损伤研究法..............................................................................17 2.3脑成像 ..................................................................................................17 2.3.1 CT.............................................................................................17 2.3.2 PET...........................................................................................17 2.3.3 SPECT......................................................................................18 2.3.4 MRI...........................................................................................18 2.3.5 fMRI..........................................................................................19 2.3.6 TPM..........................................................................................20 2.3.7 EEG ..........................................................................................20 2.3.8 MEG..........................................................................................22 2.4技术比较 ...............................................................................................22 2.5设计实验范式 ........................................................................................23 2.6数据处理 ...............................................................................................25 习题 .............................................................................................................27 第 3章神经与信息 ...........................................................................................29 3.1神经元 ..................................................................................................29 3.2神经胶质细胞 ........................................................................................31 3.3神经信息 ...............................................................................................33 3. 3.1神经信息产生..............................................................................33 3. 3.2神经信息编码..............................................................................34 3. 3.3神经信息传播..............................................................................35 3. 4神经通路和层级 .....................................................................................38 3.5人工神经 ...............................................................................................40 3. 5.1人工神经元 .................................................................................40 3. 5.2人工神经网络..............................................................................41 3. 5.3深度学习系统..............................................................................42 3.6微观与超微观 ........................................................................................44 3.6.1分子 ...........................................................................................44 3.6.2量子 ...........................................................................................44 习题 .............................................................................................................45 第 4章视觉与计算 ...........................................................................................47 4.1眼睛 ......................................................................................................47 4.2视觉信息 ...............................................................................................47 4. 2.1视觉信息感知..............................................................................47 4. 2.2视觉信息传递..............................................................................49 4. 2.3视觉感受机制..............................................................................51 4. 2.4视觉信息编码..............................................................................54 4.3对象识别 ...............................................................................................56 4.3.1神经机制 ....................................................................................57 4.3.2认知模型 ....................................................................................57 4.3.3眼球运动 ....................................................................................60 4.3.4运动知觉 ....................................................................................60 4.3.5立体视觉 ....................................................................................61 4.3.6颜色视觉 ....................................................................................61 4. 3.7视觉恒常性与脑补 .......................................................................63 4.4视觉理论 ...............................................................................................64 4. 4.1马尔计算视觉..............................................................................64 4. 4.2格式塔理论 .................................................................................65 4.4.3主动视觉 ....................................................................................66 4.5计算机视觉 ............................................................................................66 4.5.1深度估计 ....................................................................................66 4.5.2行人预测 ....................................................................................68 4.5.3水下视觉 ....................................................................................71 4.6视觉系统比较 ........................................................................................72 习题 .............................................................................................................72 第 5章感知与运动 ...........................................................................................75 5.1感觉与知觉 ............................................................................................75 5.2感受器和编码 ........................................................................................76 5. 2.1感受器的种类..............................................................................76 5. 2.2感受器的换能作用 .......................................................................76 5. 2.3感觉信息编码..............................................................................77 5.3听觉与平衡觉 ........................................................................................79 5. 3.1声音与听觉 .................................................................................79 5. 3.2耳朵与声音感知 ..........................................................................80 5.3.3人工耳蜗 ....................................................................................82 5.3.4听声辨位 ....................................................................................83 5.3.5平衡觉 ........................................................................................84 5.4触觉和痛觉 ............................................................................................85 5.4.1触痛感知 ....................................................................................86 5.4.2触觉 ...........................................................................................87 5.4.3痛觉 ...........................................................................................88 5.4.4痒觉 ...........................................................................................88 5.5嗅觉和味觉 ............................................................................................89 5.5.1嗅觉 ...........................................................................................89 5.5.2味觉 ...........................................................................................90 5.6联觉和直觉 ............................................................................................92 5.6.1联觉 ...........................................................................................92 5.6.2直觉 ...........................................................................................93 5. 7初级感觉与运动皮层 ..............................................................................93 5.8运动与控制 ............................................................................................94 5.8.1下行传导通路..............................................................................95 5. 8.2运动层级与控制 ..........................................................................96 习题 .............................................................................................................97 第 6章注意与意识 ...........................................................................................99 6.1注意 ......................................................................................................99 6.2注意与分辨 .......................................................................................... 100 6.3注意网络 ............................................................................................. 100 6. 4注意的生理机制 ................................................................................... 101 6. 5注意的信息加工 ................................................................................... 102 6. 5.1选择性注意 ............................................................................... 102 6.5.2注意分配 .................................................................................. 105 6.5.3变化视盲 .................................................................................. 105 6. 5.4外显型与内隐型注意.................................................................. 106 6. 5.5特征整合理论............................................................................ 107 6.6人工注意网络 ...................................................................................... 108 6.7睡眠与梦 ............................................................................................. 108 6.8意识与思维 .......................................................................................... 111 习题 ........................................................................................................... 112 第 7章学习与记忆 .........................................................................................113 7.1学习 .................................................................................................... 113 7. 1.1学习认知模型............................................................................ 113 7.1.2赫布理论 .................................................................................. 115 7.1.3迁移学习 .................................................................................. 115 7. 1.4学习形成记忆............................................................................ 116 7.2元学习 ................................................................................................ 117 7.3记忆 .................................................................................................... 119 7.4记忆模型 ............................................................................................. 120 7. 4.1多重存储记忆模型 ..................................................................... 120 7. 4.2工作记忆模型............................................................................ 121 7. 5记忆的神经基础 ................................................................................... 122 7. 5.1记忆相关的脑区 ........................................................................ 122 7. 5.2记忆相关的皮层 ........................................................................ 123 7. 5.3海马与记忆 ............................................................................... 124 7.6记忆转移 ............................................................................................. 124 7.7遗忘曲线 ............................................................................................. 125 7.8概念与分类 .......................................................................................... 126 7.9知识建构 ............................................................................................. 127 7. 9.1符号网络模型............................................................................ 128 7. 9.2层次语义网络模型 ..................................................................... 129 7.9.3原型模型 .................................................................................. 130 7. 9.4激活扩散模型............................................................................ 130 7.10知识表征 ........................................................................................... 131 7. 10.1联想记忆模型 ........................................................................ 131 7. 10.2知识图谱............................................................................... 133 7.11贝叶斯大脑 ........................................................................................ 134 习题 ........................................................................................................... 136 第 8章沟通与语言 .........................................................................................137 8.1沟通 .................................................................................................... 137 8. 2人类语言的演化 ................................................................................... 137 8. 3人类语言的独特性................................................................................ 137 8. 4失语症与语言中枢................................................................................ 138 8.5语言处理模型 ...................................................................................... 139 8.5.1 Lichtheim模型 ......................................................................... 139 8.5.2 Wernicke-Geschwind模型.......................................................... 140 8.6词脑 .................................................................................................... 142 8. 7中英语言认知异同................................................................................ 146 8. 8脑电到文字转译 ................................................................................... 147 8.9自然语言处理 ...................................................................................... 147 8.10对偶学习 ........................................................................................... 148 习题 ........................................................................................................... 149 第 9章情感与计算 .........................................................................................151 9.1报偿与动机 .......................................................................................... 151 9.2成瘾 .................................................................................................... 152 9.3人脑经济学 .......................................................................................... 153 9. 3.1经济学现象 ............................................................................... 153 9.3.2能量函数 .................................................................................. 155 9.4强化学习 ............................................................................................. 156 9.5理性与情绪 .......................................................................................... 158 9.6情绪脑 ................................................................................................ 160 9.7情感与选择 .......................................................................................... 161 9.8预测与期望 .......................................................................................... 163 9.9期望*大化 .......................................................................................... 164 9.10对抗网络 ........................................................................................... 165 9. 11自律与自监督..................................................................................... 166 9.12情感计算 ........................................................................................... 166 习题 ........................................................................................................... 168 第 10章发育与可塑 .......................................................................................169 10.1脑功能发育 ........................................................................................ 169 10. 2脑功能可塑性..................................................................................... 170 10.3脑改进方案 ........................................................................................ 171 10. 4脑区到脑网络..................................................................................... 173 10. 4.1结构洞与智力 .......................................................................... 174 10. 4.2复杂性临界点 .......................................................................... 175 10.5脑网络演化 ........................................................................................ 177 10. 5.1演化动力学 ............................................................................. 177 10. 5.2图网络学习 ............................................................................. 179 10.6男女有别 ........................................................................................... 180 10. 7神经架构搜索..................................................................................... 182 习题 ........................................................................................................... 182 第 11章社会与创造 .......................................................................................183 11.1社会认知 ........................................................................................... 183 11.2归因理论 ........................................................................................... 185 11.3分类与图式 ........................................................................................ 186 11.4同理心 ............................................................................................... 188 11. 4.1镜像神经元 ............................................................................. 188 11. 4.2自闭症情绪图谱理论 ................................................................ 188 11. 4.3同理心和道德决策 ................................................................... 189 11. 4.4同理心与公平感....................................................................... 190 11.5模仿行为 ........................................................................................... 191 11. 6具身认知与元宇宙 .............................................................................. 192 11.7利他行为 ........................................................................................... 193 11. 8智力与创造力..................................................................................... 194 11. 9人类智力的起源与演化 ....................................................................... 194 11.10弗林效应 .......................................................................................... 195 11. 11社会网络与大数据 ............................................................................ 196 习题 ........................................................................................................... 198 第 12章人工与系统 .......................................................................................199 12.1人工智能 ........................................................................................... 199 12. 2类脑计算与人工脑 .............................................................................. 199 12.3仿真机器人 ........................................................................................ 201 12.4脑机系统 ........................................................................................... 204 12. 5自主无人系统..................................................................................... 206 12. 6复杂性与奥卡姆剃刀........................................................................... 206 12.7安全和伦理 ........................................................................................ 207 12.7.1可信与安全 ............................................................................. 207 12. 7.2道德与伦理 ............................................................................. 209 习题 ........................................................................................................... 211 参考文献 ...........................................................................................................213 _x00C_