生理心理学原理 Principles of Physiological Psychology(导读注释版)

导 读

— 001 —

Author’s Preface to the First Edition

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Author’s Preface to the Fifth Edition

— 007 —

Translator’s Preface

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INTRODUCTION

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§1. The Problem of Physiological Psychology

— 013 —

§2. Survey of the Subject

— 031 —

§3. Prepsychological Concepts

— 039 —

Part I

The Bodily Substrate of the Mental Life

— 056 —

CHAPTER I

The Organic Evolution of Mental Function

— 056 —

§1. The Criteria of Mind and the Range of the Mental Life

— 056 —

§2. The Differentiation of Mental Functions and of their Physical Substrate

— 065 —

CHAPTER II

Structural Elements of the Nervous System

— 074 —

§1. Morphological Elements

— 074 —

(a) The Nerve-Cells

— 075 —

(b) The Nerve-Fibres

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(c) Peripheral Nerve Terminations

— 085 —

(d) The Neurone Theory

— 087 —

§2. Chemical Constituents

— 097 —

CHAPTER III

Physiological Mechanics of Nerve-Substance

— 101 —

§1. General Principles and Problems of a Mechanics of Innervation

— 101 —

(a) Methods of a Mechanics of Innervation

— 101 —

(b) The Principle of the Conservation of Work

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(c) Application of the Principle of the Conservation of Work to the Vital Processes and the Nervous System

— 114 —

§2. The Course of the Processes of Stimulation in the Nerve-Fibre

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(a) Course of the Muscular Contraction following Stimulation of the Motor Nerve

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(b) Excitatory and Inhibitory Processes in Nerve-Stimulation

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(c) After-effects of Stimulation: Practice and Fatigue

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(d) Stimulation of Nerve by the Galvanic Current

— 134 —

§3. Theory of Nervous Excitation

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§4. Influence of the Central Parts upon the Processes of Excitation

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(a) Course of the Reflex Excitation

— 145 —

(b) Enhancement of Reflex Excitability

— 149 —

(c) Inhibitions of Reflexes by Interference of Stimuli

— 153 —

(d) Chronic Effects of Excitation and Inhibition: Positive and Negative Tonus

— 156 —

§5. Theory of Central Innervation

— 158 —

(a) General Theory of the Molecular Processes in the Nerve-Cell

— 158 —

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(b) Relation of Nervous to Psychical Processes

— 168 —

CHAPTER IV

Morphological Development of the Central Organs

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§1. General Survey

— 172 —

(a) Object of the Following Exposition

— 172 —

(b) The Neural Tube and the Three Main Divisions of the Brain

— 175 —

(c) The Brain Ventricles and the Differentiation of the Parts of the Brain

— 179 —

§2. The Myel in the Higher Vertebrates

— 187 —

§3. The Oblongata

— 193 —

§4. The Cerebellum

— 197 —

§5. The Mesencephalon

— 200 —

§6. The Diencephalon

— 203 —

§7. The Prosencephalon

— 205 —

(a) The Brain Cavities and the Surrounding Parts

— 205 —

(b) Fornix and Commissural System

— 214 —

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(c) The Development of the Outward Conformation of the Brain

— 222 —

CHAPTER V

Course of the Paths of Nervous Conduction

— 242 —

§1. General Conditions of Conduction

— 242 —

§2. Methods of Investigating the Conduction-Paths

— 245 —

§3. Conduction in the Nerves and in the Myel

— 251 —

(a) Origin and Distribution of the Nerves

— 251 —

(b) Physiology of the Conduction-Paths of the Myel

— 256 —

(c) Anatomical Results

— 262 —

§4. Paths of Conduction in Oblongata and Cerebellum

— 267 —

(a) General Characteristics of these Paths

— 267 —

(b) Continuations of the Motor and Sensory Paths

— 269 —

(c) The Regions of Origin of the Cranial Nerves and the Nidi of Cinerea in the Oblongata

— 272 —

(d) Paths of Conduction in Pons and Cerebellum

— 275 —

5. Cerebral Ganglia and Conduction Paths of the Higher Sensory Nerves

— 283 —

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(a) The Cerebral Ganglia

— 283 —

(b) Conduction Paths of the Nerves of Taste and Smell

— 285 —

(c) Conduction Paths of the Acoustic Nerve

— 290 —

(d) Conduction Paths of the Optic Nerve

— 294 —

6. Paths of Motor and Sensory Conduction to the Cerebral Cortex

— 301 —

(a) General Methods for the Demonstration of the Cortical Centres

— 301 —

(b) Motor and Sensory Cortical Centres in the Brain of the Dog

— 306 —

(c) Motor and Sensory Cortical Areas in the Monkey

— 313 —

(d) Motor and Sensory Cortical Centres in Man

— 323 —

§7. Association Systems of the Cerebral Cortex

— 337 —

§8. Structure of the Cerebral Cortex

— 345 —

§9. General Principles of the Processes of Central Conduction

— 354 —

(a) The Principle of Manifold Representation

— 354 —

(b) Principle of the Ascending Complication of Conduction Paths

— 356

(c) The Principle of the Differentiation of Directions of Conduction

— 358 —

(d) The Principle of the Central Colligation of Remote Functional Areas. Theory of Decussations

— 360 —

CHAPTER VI

The Physiological Function of the Central Parts

— 378 —

§1. Methods of Functional Analysis

— 378 —

§2. Reflex Functions

— 380 —

(a) Spinal Reflexes

— 380 —

(b) Metencephalic (Oblongata) and Mesencephalic Reflexes

— 383 —

(c) Purposiveness of the Reflexes. Extent of Reflex Phenomena

— 392 —

§3. Automatic Excitations

— 396 —

(a) Automatic Excitations in Myel and Oblongata

— 396 —

(b) Automatic Excitations in the Brain Cortex

— 401 —

§4. Functions of the Mesencephalon and Diencephalon

— 404 —

(a) Functions of the Mesencephalon and Diencephalon in the Lower Vertebrates

— 404 —

(b) Functions of the Mesencephalon and Diencephalon in Man

— 422 —

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(c) Striatum and Lenticula

— 424 —

§5. Functions of the Cerebellum

— 425 —

§6. Functions of the Cerebral Hemispheres

— 441 —

(a) Phenomena of Abrogation after Partial Destruction of the Prosencephalon

— 441 —

(b) Phenomena of Abrogation after Total Loss of the Cerebral Hemispheres

— 445 —

(c) Results from Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology

— 447 —

(d) The Hypotheses of Localisation and their Opponents. The Old and the New Phrenologies

— 450 —

§7. Illustrations of the Psychophysical Analysis of Complex Cerebral Functions

— 470 —

(a) The Visual Centres

— 470 —

(b) The Speech Centres

— 476 —

(c) The Apperception Centre

—495 —

§8. General Principles of the Central Functions

— 505 —

(a) The Principle of Connexion of Elements

— 505 —

(b) The Principle of Original Indifference of Functions

— 507 —

(c) The Principle of Practice and Adaptation