英语句法与论证 第四版

Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition Part I Function and FormIntroductionKey ConceptsFunction2.1 Subject and Predicate2.2 Predicator2.3 Direct object2.4 Indirect object2.5 AdjunctKey ConceptsExercisesFurther ReadingForm: Words, Word Classes and Phrases3.1 The notion 'word'3.2 Nouns and determinatives3.3 Adjectives3.4 Verbs3.5 Prepositions3.6 Adverbs3.7 Conjunctions3.8 InterjectionsKey ConceptsExercisesFurther ReadingMore on Form: Clauses and Sentences4.1 Clauses and clause hierarchies4.2 The rank scale4.3 Clause types4.3.1 Declarative clauses4.3.2 Interrogative clauses4.3.3 Imperative clauses4.3.4 Exclamative clauses4.3.5 The pragmatics of the clause types4.4 More on tree diagramsKey ConceptsExercisesFurther ReadingThe Function-Form Interface5.1 Function-form relationships5.2 Realisations of the Subject5.3 Realisation of the Predicate and Predicator5.4 Realisations of the Direct object5.5 Realisations of the Indirect object5.6 Realisations of AdjunctsKey ConceptsExercisesFurther Reading Part II Elaboration6 Predicates, Arguments and Thematic Roles6.1 Predicates and arguments6.2 Thematic roles6.3 Grammatical functions and thematic roles6.4 Selectional restrictions6.5 Three levels of descriptionKey ConceptsExercisesFurther Reading7 Cross-Categorial Generalisations: X-Bar Syntax7.1 Heads, Complements and Specifiers7.2 Adjuncts7.3 Cross-categorial generalisations7.4 Subcategorisation7.4.1 Subcategorisation versus argument/thematic structureKey ConceptsExercisesFurther Reading8 More on Clauses8.1 The I-node8.2 Subordinate clauses8.2.1 Clauses functioning as Direct object, Subject and Adjunct8.2.2 Clauses functioning as Complements within phrases8.2.3 Clauses functioning as Adjuncts within NPsKey ConceptsExercisesFurther ReadingMovement9.1 Verb Movement: aspectual auxiliaries9.2 NP-Movement: passive9.3 NP-Movement: Subject-to-Subject Raising9.4 Movement in interrogative sentences: Subject-Auxiliary Inversion9.5 Wh-Movement9.6 The structure of sentences containing one or more auxiliariesKey ConceptsExercisesFurther Reading10 Tense, Aspect and Mood10.1 Time and tense10.1.1 The present tense10.1.1.1 Uses of the present tense10.1.2 The past tense10.1.2.1 Uses of the past tense10.1.3 Ways of referring to future time10.2 Aspectualityand aspect10.2.1 Progressive aspect10.2.1.1 The progressive construction10.2.1.2 Uses of the progressive10.2.2 Perfect aspect10.2.2.1 The perfect construction10.2.2.2 Uses of the present perfect10.3 Modality and mood10.3.1 Different types ofmodality10.3.2 The core modals10.3.2.1 The morpho-syntactic characteristics of the core modals10.3.2.2 Meanings expressed by the core modals10.3.3 Other ways of expressing modalityKey ConceptsExercisesFurther Reading Part III Argumentation11 Syntactic Argumentation11.1 The art of argumentation11.2 Economy of description: Linguistically Significant Generalisations and Occam's Razor11.2.1 Linguistically Significant Generalisations11.2.2 Occam's Razor11.2.2.1 Verb-preposition constructions11.2.2.2 Achieving economy in the domain of functional terminology11.3 Further constraints on description: elegance and independent justifications11.3.1 Elegance of description11.3.2 Independent justification11.4 Evaluating analysesKey ConceptsExercisesFurther Reading12 Constituency: Movement and Substitution12.1 The Movement Test12.1.1 Movements to the left12.1.1.1 Topicalisation12.1.1.2 VP-Preposing12.1.1.3 Though-Movement12.1.2 Movements to the right12.1.2.1 Heavy-NP-Shift12.1.2.2 Extraposition of Subject clauses12.1.2.3 Extraposition from NP12.2 Substitution12.2.1 Substitution of nominal projections: NP and N"12.2.2 Substitution of verbal projections: VP and V'Key ConceptsExercisesFurther Reading13 Constituency: Some Additional Tests13.1 The Coordination Test13.2 The Cleft and Pseudocleft Test13.3 The Insertion Test13.4 The Constituent Response Test13.5 The Somewhere Else Test13.6 The Meaning Test13.7 A case study: the NakedPizza Eating-construction13.8 Some caveats regarding the testsKey ConceptsExercisesFurther Reading14 Predicates and Arguments Revisited14.1 Establishing argumenthood14.1.1 Meaning14.1.2 Dummy elements and idiom chunks14.1.3 Passivisation14.2 Two further types of verb NP to-infinitive construction:persuade and want14.2.1 Persuade14.2.2 Want14.2.3 Overview14.3 Concluding remarksKey ConceptsExercisesFurther Reading Part IV Application15 Grammatical Indeterminacy15.1 Category boundaries and gradience15.2 Subsective gradience15.2.1 Nouns15.2.2 Adjectives15.2.3 Verbs15.2.4 Prepositions15.3 Intersective gradience15.3.1 Word classes: adjective or adverb?15.3.2 Word classes: verb or noun?15.3.3 Phrases: adjective phrase or prepositional phrase?15.3.4 Constructional gradience15.4 Concluding remarksKey ConceptsExercisesFurther Reading16 Case Studies16.1 Negated modal auxiliaries16.2 Noun phrase structure16.2.1 A lot of books16.2.2 A giant of a man16.3 Verb complementation16.3.1 Pattern 1: V to-infinitive16.3.2 Pattern 2: V NP to-infinitive constructions involving allow16.3.3 Pattern 3: V NP {NP/AP/PP}16.4 Subordinating conjunctions and prepositions16.5 Concluding remarksKey ConceptsExercisesFurther Reading Glossary Reference Works: Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Grammars and Other Publications on the English Language Bibliography Index