中国经济:崛起在世界的地平线:英文

　　《中国经济：崛起在世界的地平线（英文 精装版）》：　　2. From planning to separation of powers： foreign-trade system reforms 1979-1986　　The reform of China's foreign-trade system was primarily aimed to change the highly centralized management system and the mandatory planning management system， delegate foreign-trading powers to lower levels， and introduce a combination of mandatory plans， guiding plans， and market regulations. Specific reform measures included：　　（1） Adjusting the leadership structure： In 1979， the Chinese government established the Import and Export Administration Committee， which supervised the MFT. In Mafch 1982， realizing that the two institutions had ovedapping authority and duplicated work， the Chinese government merged them， alongside the Ministry of Economic Relations with Foreign Countries and the Foreign Investment Committee， to form the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation （MFTEC）. The new ministry was responsible for administering foreign trade nationwide.　　（2） Breaking the monopoly of foreign-trade departments over foreign trade： The State Council permitted ministries in selected productive sectors to establish import and export corporauons special_izing in foreign trade related to their sector. In the case of the Ministry of Machinery， by June 1984， it had established 23 corporations， including the China Machinery and Equipment Import and Export Corporation and the China Agricultural Machinery United Import and Export Corporauon. The monopoly of the foreign-trade departments over foreign trade was thus broken.　　（3） Expanding local rights to deal in foreign trade： In July 1979， the Chinese government introduced special policies and flexible measures for foreign-related economic activities in Guangdong and Fujian provinces. In January 1982， the CPC Central Committee released the minutes of the Conference on Foreign Trade in Nine Coastal Provinces， resolving to expand foreign-tfade fightS at the local level. The import and export of all goods， except those monopolized by the state， were to be managed at the locallevel. The state would only issue quotas for foreign-exchange earnings from exports， and all provinces were allowed to retain surplus earnings after fulfilling their quotas. This inspired strong enthusiasm for foreign trade at the local level.　　（4） Defining the division of responsibility between central and local governments： Bulk imports and the import of goods with a strong monopolistic nature in the international market were to be handled by specialized foreign-trading companies affiliated with the MFTEC， and under special cifcumstances， goods for self-consumption could be imported with the approval of imports distribution corporations. Moreover， local governments could import goods， except those handled by specialized foreign-trading corporations， with their retained foreign-exchange earnings or self-raised foreign exchange.　　……