标准日语完全掌握 初级语法篇

**章 按接续分类语法 **节 语法概述·································2 敬体形 1.名词谓语形式的敬体形·····························3 2.动词谓语形式的敬体形·····························3 3.一类形容词谓语形式的敬体形··························3 4.二类形容词谓语形式的=敬体形·· ························4 简体形 1.名词谓语形式的简体形······························5 2.动词谓语形式的简体形·····························5 3.一类形容词谓语形式的简体形··························5 4.二类形容词谓语形式的简体形··························6 第二节 名词相关语法·······························7 1.～は～です／だ 【第1课，第22课】·······················7 2.～は～ではありません／ではない 【第1课，第22课】···············7 3.～は～でした／だった 【第10课，第22课】················ ···7 4.～は～ではありませんでした／ではなかった 【第10课，第22课】··········8 5.～は～ですか 【第1课】·····························8 6.～は～ですか、～ですか 【第3课】························9 7.名1+で+名2 【第16课】·····························9 8.～は～名(场所)です 【第3课】·························10 9.～に～があります／います 【第4课】·······················10 10.今～時～分です 【第5课】····························10 11.名(时间)に+动 【第5课】···························11 12.名(时间)+动 【第13课】·····························11 13.名(时间)に+名(次数)+动 【第13课】······················11 14.名(数量)+动 【第13课】····························12 巩固练习(一)································ ·12 第三节.一类形容词相关语法·····························14 1.～は～です／～は～ 【第9课，第22课】······················14 2.～くないです／～くない 【第9课，第22课】····················14 3.～かったです／～かった 【第9课，第22课】····················14 4.～くなかったです／～くなかった 【第9课，第22课】················15 5.一类形+名 【第9课】································15 6.一类形+动 【第31课】·······························16 7.一类形+て+一类形 【第16课】···························16 8.一类形+さ 【第44课】·······························16 巩固练习(二)···································17 第四节.二类形容词相关语法······························19 1.～は～です／～は～だ 【第10课，第22课】·····················19 2.～ではありません／～ではない 【第10课，第22课】·················19 3.～でした／～だった 【第10课，第22课】······················19 4.～ではありませんでした／～ではなかった 【第10课，第22课】············20 5.二类形+名 【第10课】································20 6.二类形+动 【第31课】······························· 20 7.二类形+で+二类形 【第16课】····························21 8.二类形+さ 【第44课】································21 巩固练习(三)···································22 第五节.动词基本形相关语法·······························24 1.动词的三种类型····································24 2.自动词和他动词 【第18课，第33课】··························25 3.～ことができます 【第20课】····························26 4.～ことです 【第20课】·······························27 5.～前に、～ 【第20课】·······························27 6.～ことがあります 【第31课】····························27 巩固练习(四)···································28 第六节.动词ます形相关语法······························30 1.动词ます形 【第5课】································30 2. 名(场所)へ+动+に行きます／来ます 【第13課】···················31 3.～たいです 【第17课】··················· ············31 4.～ませんか 【第17课】································31 5.～ましょう 【第17课】································32 6.～ましょうか 【第21课】·······························32 7.～ながら 【第27课】·································33 8.～なさい 【第29课】·································33 9.～始めます／出します／続けます／終わります 【第40课】················33 10.～やすいです／にくいです 【第43课】·························34 巩固练习(五)····································34 第七节.动词て形相关语法································36 1.动词て形 【第14课】·································36 2.～てから 【第14课】·································37 3.～てください 【第14课】·······························38 4.～ています 【第15课，第16课，第27课】·······················38 5.～てもいいです 【第15课】······························39 6.～てはいけません 【第15课】····························39 7.～てしまいます 【第33课】·····························39 8.～てあります 【第34课】······························40 9.～ておきます 【第34课】······························40 10.～てみます 【第34课】·······························40 11.～ていきます 【第39课，第45课】·························41 12.～てきます 【第39课，第45课】··························41 13.～てきました 【第45课】······························42 巩固练习(六)···································42 第八节.动词ない形相关语法······························44 1.动词ない形 【第19课】·······························44 2.～ないでください 【第19课】····························45 3.～なければなりません/ないといけません 【第19课】··················45 4.～なくてもいいです 【第19课】···························46 5.～ないで 【第29课，第39课】···························46 巩固练习(七)··································47 第九节.动词た形相关·································49 1.动词た形 【第21课】································49 2.～たことがあります 【第21课】···························50 3.～た後で、～ 【第21课】······························50 4.～たほうがいいです 【第21课】···························50 5.～たり、～たりします 【第23课】··························51 6.～たばかりです 【第40课】·····························51 7.～たまま、～ 【第42课】······························52 巩固练习(八)··································52 第十节.动词命令形相关语法·······························54 1.动词命令形 【第29课】································54 2.～なさい 【第29课】································55 3.～な 【第29课】··································55 4.～て／～ないで 【第29课】···························55 巩固练习(九)·································56 第十一节.动词意志形相关语法····························58 1.动词意志形 【第30课】······························58 2.～ようと思います 【第30课】···························59 3.～ようと思っています 【第30课】·························59 4. ～ようとします 【拓展】·····························59 巩固练习(十)··································60 第十二节.动词ば形相关语法·····························62 1.动词ば形 【第37课】·······························62 2.～と、～ 【第31课】·······························63 3.～たら、～ 【第35课】······························64 4.～なら、～ 【第37课】······························64 5.～と／たら／ばいいです 【拓展】·························65 6.～ば～ほど、～ 【第45课】····························66 巩固练习(十一)·································66 第十三节.动词可能形相关语法·····························68 1.动词可能形 【第38课】·······························68 2.～ように、～ 【第38课】·····························69 3.～ようになります 【第38课】···························69 4.～ようにします 【第38课】····························70 巩固练习(十二)··································70 第十四节.动词被动形式相关语法····························72 1.动词被动形式 【第41课】·······························72 2.名1は名2に动られます 【第41课】·························72 3.名1は名2に名3を动られます 【第41课】······················73 4.名1は名2に动られます 【第41课】·························73 5.名が／は动られます 【第41课】···························74 6.名１は名2によって动られます 【第41课】······················74 巩固练习(十三)·································74 第十五节.动词使役形式及使役被动形式相关语法······················76 1.动词使役形式 【第43课】······························76 2.名1は名2を(自)动させます 【第43课】······················76 3.名1は名2に名3を(他)动させます 【第43课】···················77 4.动词使役被动形式 【第43课】·····························77 5.名1は名2に动させられます 【第43课】·······················78 6.～させてください 【第43课】····························78 7.～させていただきます 【第48课】··························79 巩固练习(十四)··································79 第十六节.简体形相关语法································81 1.小句+かどうか 【第23课】······························81 2.疑问词小句+か 【第23课】······························81 3.～と思います 【第24课】······························82 4.～は～と言いました 【第24课】···························82 5.～のです／んです 【第24课】····························82 6.～ので／んで、～ 【第30课】····························83 7.～のに、～ 【第42课】·······························83 8.小句(动词简体形)+名 【第25课】··························84 9.小句(动词简体形)+の 【第26课】··························85 10.小句(动词简体形)+のが見えます／聞こえます 【第36课】··············85 11.小句(动词简体形)+時 【第27课】··························85 12.～でしょう 【第26课，第27课】··························86 13.～でしょうか 【第31课】······························86 14.～かもしれません 【第26课】···························87 巩固练习(十五)·································87 第二章 按含义分类语法 **节.变化与决定··································90 1.～なります 【第18课】······························90 2.～します 【第18课】·······························90 3.～ことになりました 【第32课】··························91 4.～ことにします／ことにしました 【第32课】····················91 5.～ようになります 【第38课】···························91 6.～ようにします 【第38课】····························92 巩固练习(十六)·································92 第二节.比较与选择··································94 1.名1は名2より～です 【第12课】··························94 2.名1より名2のほうが～です 【第12课】·······················94 3.名1は名2ほど～ないです 【第12课】························94 4.名1の中で名2がいちばん～です 【第12课】·····················95 5.名1と名2とどちらが～ですか 【第12课】······················95 6.どの名／いつ／どれ／だれ／何が一番～ですか 【第12课】···············95 巩固练习(十七)··································96 第三节.请求与命令···································98 1.～をください 【第7课】·······························98 2.～てください 【第14课】······························98 3.～ないでください 【第19课】····························98 4.～て／～ないで 【第29课】·····························99 5.～ていただけますか 【第48课】···························99 6.～させていただきます 【第48课】··························99 7.动词命令形 【第29课】·······························100 8.～なさい 【第29课】································100 9.～な 【第29课】··································100 巩固练习(十八)·································101 第四节.提议与许可··································103 1.～ませんか 【第17课】·······························103 2.～ましょう 【第17课】·······························103 3.～ましょうか 【第21课】······························103 4.～ほうがいいです 【第18课，第21课】·······················104 5.～なければなりません 【第19课】·························104 6.～てもいいです 【第15课】····························104 7.～なくてもいいです 【第19课】··························105 8.～てはいけません 【第15课】···························105 巩固练习(十九)································106 第五节.感情与想法·································108 1.名1は名2が～です 【第11课】··························108 2.名1は名2が分かります／できます 【第11课】···················108 3.～がほしいです 【第17课】····························108 4.～たいです 【第17课】······························109 5.动词意志形 【第30课】······························109 6.～ようと思います 【第30课】···························109 7.～ようと思っています 【第30课】·························110 8.～つもりです 【第32课】·····························110 巩固练习(二十)·································111 第六节.授受关系···································113 1.人1は人2に物をあげます 【第8课】························113 2.人1は人2に物をもらいます 【第8课】·······················113 3.人1は人2に物をくれます 【第28课】·······················114 4.～てあげます 【第28课】·····························114 5.～てもらいます 【第28课】····························115 6.～てくれます 【第28课】·····························115 巩固练习(二十一)·······························116 第七节.敬语····································118 1.～(ら)れます 【第47课】···························118 2.お～になります 【第47课】····························118 3.お／ご～ください 【第47课】···························118 4.尊他语特殊形式 【第47课】····························119 5.お／ご～します 【第48课】··························119 6.自谦语特殊形式 【第48课】···························120 7.～ございます／でございます 【第48课】·····················120 巩固练习(二十二)······························121 第八节.其他常用语法·······························123 1.～とか～とか 【第37课】···························123 2.～し～し 【第45课】·····························123 3.～たり～たり 【第23课】···························124 4.疑问词+も 【第4课】·····························124 5.疑问词+でも 【第17课】····························124 6.名+でも 【第35课，第37课】·························125 7.～ても、～ 【第35课】····························125 8.もう 【第8课】································126 9.～過ぎます 【第44课】·····························126 10.～という～ 【第29课】·····························126 11.～味／においがします 【第46课】························127 12.～間 【第46课】································127 13.～そうです 【第32课，第33课】························128 14.～ようです 【第44课，第46课】························129 15.～みたいです 【第44课，第46课】·······················130 16.～らしいです 【第44课，第46课】·······················130 巩固练习(二十三)·······························131 第三章 按词类分类语法 **节.助词····································134 1.は 【第1课】··································134 2.も 【第3课】··································135 3.が 【第4课】··································135 4.の 【第1课】··································136 5.を 【第7课】··································136 6.に 【第4课】··································137 7.へ 【第6课】··································138 8.と 【第4课】··································138 9.や 【第11课】·································138 10.か 【第1课】·································139 11.で 【第6课】·································139 12.から 【第5课】·································140 13.まで 【第5课】·································140 14.くらい／ぐらい 【第13课】····························141 15.だけ 【第35课】·································141 16.しか 【第35课】·································141 17.ばかり 【第36课】································142 巩固练习(二十四)································142 第二节.形式名词···································144 1.の 【第26课】··································144 2.こと 【第20课】·································144 3.ほう 【第12课】·································145 4.つもり 【第32课】································145 5.ため 【第34课】·································145 6.ところ 【第40课】································146 7.まま 【第42课】·································146 8.はず 【第42课】·································147 巩固练习(二十五)································147 第三节.指示词····································149 1.これ／それ／あれ／どれ 【第2课】·························149 2.この／その／あの／どの 【第2课】·························149 3.ここ／そこ／あそこ／どこ 【第3课】························149 4.こちら／そちら／あちら／どちら 【第3课】·····················150 5.こんな／そんな／あんな／どんな 【第10课】·····················150 6.こう／そう／ああ／どう 【第14课】························150 巩固练习(二十六)································151 第四节.疑问词····································153 1.だれ／どの人／どなた／どの方 【第2课】······················153 2.なん／なに 【第2课】·······························153 3.いくつ 【第2课】·································153 4.いくら 【第3课】·································154 5.いつ 【第5课】··································154 6.どう 【第10课】·································155 7.どうして／なぜ／なんで 【第11课】·························155 8.どれぐらい／どのぐらい 【第13课】························156 巩固练习(二十七)································156 第五节.接续词····································158 1.だから 【第11课】································158 2.それで 【第26课】································158 3.それでは 【第30课】·······························159 4.そして 【第10课】································159 5.それに 【第28课】································160 6.それにしても 【第33课】·····························160 7.それから 【第14课】·······························161 8.とにかく 【第36课】·······························161 9.ところで 【第10课】·······························161 10.でも 【第10课】·································162 11.ただし 【第31课】································162 巩固练习(二十八)································163 第六节.副词·····································165 1.とても 【第9课】·································165 2.ちょっと 【第9课】································165 3.あまり 【第9课】·································165 4.ぜんぜん 【第9课】································166 5.いつも／よく／ときどき／たまに 【第11课】····················166 6.さっき／たった今 【第8课】····························167 7.まもなく／もうすぐ／さっそく 【第18课】·····················167 8.さらに／もっと 【第18课】····························167 9.なんだか／なんか 【第38课】···························168 10.拟声词／拟态词 【第36课】····························168 巩固练习(二十九)································168 第四章 全真模拟 全真模拟(一)····································172 全真模拟(二)····································175 全真模拟(三)····································178 全真模拟(四)····································181 答案与解析 巩固练习答案及解析·································186 全真模拟答案与解析·································219 附录 附录一.时间与数量词一览·······························232 1.时刻的读法·····································232 2.日期的读法·····································232 3.月份的读法·····································233 4.月数的读法·····································233 5.数词的读法·····································233 6.序数词的读法····································234 7. 量词的搭配····································234 8. 数量词的读法···································235 附录二.初级一类形容词一览······························236 附录三.初级二类形容词一览······························238 附录四.初级动词一览·································239 附录五.初级副词一览·································248