医学物理学(英文改编版)

CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 WHY STUDY PHYSICS? 1 1.2 TALKING PHYSICS 1 1.3 PHYSICS FOR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2 1.3.1 Physics in Life Science 2 1.3.2 Biomedical Applications 3 1.4 THE USE OF MATHEMATICS 3 1.4.1 Mathematics Base 3 1.4.2 Ratios and Proportions 3 1.4.3 Approximation 4 1.5 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 6 1.5.1 Rules for Identifying Significant Figures 6 1.5.2 Significant Figures in Calculations 7 1.6 UNITS 8 1.7 DIMENSIONALANALYSIS 10 1.8 PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUES 12 Chapter 2 Mechanics 16 2.1 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION 16 2.1.1 Angular Displacement and Angular Velocity 16 2.1.2 Radian Measure 17 2.1.3 Relation between Linear and Angular Speed 18 2.1.4 Period and Frequency 18 2.2 RADIAL ACCELERATION 19 2.2.1 Direction of Radial Acceleration 19 2.2.2 Magnitude of the Radial Acceleration 20 2.3 TANGENTIAL ACCELERATION AND ANGULAR ACCELERATION 22 2.3.1 Tangential Acceleration and Angular Acceleration 22 2.3.2 Constant Angular Acceleration 22 2.4 ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY AND ROTATIONAL INERTIA 23 2.5 TORQUE 27 2.5.1 Torque 27 2.5.2 Lever Arms 30 2.6 ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM 32 2.7 ANGULAR MOMENTUM 36 2.7.1 Angular Momentum 36 2.7.2 The Vector Nature of Angular Momentum 39 Chapter 3 Fluids 45 3.1 STATESOF MATTER 45 3.2 FLUID FLOW 45 3.2.1 Types of Fluid Flow 45 3.2.2 The Ideal Fluid 46 3.2.3 The Continuity Equation 46 3.3 BERNOULLI'S EQUATION 48 3.4 VISCOSITY 51 3.4.1 Poiseuille's Law 53 3.4.2 Application of Viscous Flow 53 3.5 VISCOUS DRAG 54 3.6 SURFACE TENSION 55 3.6.1 Application: How Insects Can Walk on the Surface of a Pond 55 3.6.2 Application: Surfactant in the Lungs 56 3.6.3 Bubbles 56 Chapter 4 Elasticity and Oscillations 60 4.1 ELASTIC DEFORMATIONS OF SOLIDS AND HOOKE'S LAW 60 4.2 SHEAR AND VOLUME DEFORMATIONS 62 4.2.1 Shear Deformation 62 4.2.2 Volume Deformation 64 4.3 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION 65 4.4 THE PERIOD AND FREQUENCY FOR SHM 68 4.4.1 Definitions of Period and Frequency 68 4.4.2 AVertical Mass and Spring 70 4.5 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF SHM 72 4.6 THE PENDULUM 73 4.6.1 Simple Pendulum 73 4.6.2 Physical Pendulum 74 4.7 DAMPED OSCILLATIONS， FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE 76 Chapter 5 Waves 82 5.1 BASIC PROPERTIES OF WAVES 82 5.1.1 Waves and Energy Transport 82 5.1.2 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 83 5.1.3 Periodic Waves 85 5.2 MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF A WAVE 86 5.2.1 Traveling Waves 86 5.2.2 Harmonic Traveling Waves 86 5.3 GRAPHING WAVES 88 5.4 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION 89 5.5 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 90 5.5.1 Reflection 90 5.5.2 Change in Wavelength at a Boundary 91 5.5.3 Refraction 91 5.6 INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION 92 5.6.1 Interference 92 5.6.2 Coherence 93 5.6.3 Diffraction 94 5.7 STANDING WAVES 94 Chapter 6 Sound 100 6.1 SOUND WAVE 100 6.1.1 Basic Properties of Sound Wave 100 6.1.2 Frequency Ranges of Animal Hearing 101 6.1.3 Attenuation of Sound Waves 101 6.1.4 Amplitude and Intensity of Sound Waves 102 6.2 THE HUMAN EAR 105 6.2.1 Structure of human Ear 105 6.2.2 Loudness 106 6.2.3 Pitch 106 6.2.4 Localization 106 6.3 BEATS 106 6.4 THE DOPPLER EFFECT 108 6.4.1 Moving Source 109 6.4.2 Moving Observer 109 6.4.3 Shock Waves 110 6.5 ECHOLOCATION AND MEDICAL IMAGING 111 6.5.1 Animal Echolocation 111 6.5.2 Sonar and Radar 112 6.5.3 Medical Applications of Ultrasound 112 Chapter 7 Electrostatic Fields 115 7.1 ELECTRIC FIELDS 115 7.1.1 Electric Charge 115 7.1.2 Coulomb's Law 119 7.1.3 The Electric Field 122 7.2 MOTION OF A POINT CHARGE IN A UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD 130 7.3 GAUSS'S LAW FOR ELECTRIC FIELDS 134 7.3.1 Gauss's Law 134 7.3.2 Using Gauss's Law to Find the Electric Field 136 7.4 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY 138 7.5 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 141 7.5.1 Electric Potential 141 7.5.2 The Relationship between Electric Field and Potential 147 7.6 CAPACITORS 149 7.7 DIELECTRICS 152 7.7.1 Dielectrics 152 7.7.2 Polarization in a Dielectric 153 7.8 ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR 156 7.8.1 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 156 7.8.2 Energy Stored in an Electric Field 158 Chapter 8 Electric Current and Circuit 163 8.1 ELECTIC CURRENT 163 8.1.1 Conventional Current 163 8.1.2 Electric Current in Liquids and Gases 164 8.1.3 Application: Current in Neon Signs and Fluorescent Lights 164 8.2 EMF AND CIRCUITS 165 8.2.1 Circuit Symbols 165 8.2.2 EMF in an Electric Circuit 165 8.2.3 Circuits 166 8.3 MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF CURRENT IN A METAL: THE FREE-ELECTRON MODEL 167 8.3.1 The Free-electron Model 167 8.3.2 Relationship between Current and Drift Velocity 168 8.4 RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY 169 8.4.1 Resistance and Ohm's Law 169 8.4.2 Microscopic Origin of Ohm's Law 170 8.4.3 Resis