Chapter 1 Introduction: What Is Anthropology?..............................1
1.Introduction..........................................................2
2. Physical/Biological Anthropology..................................3
3.Archaeology..........................................................4
4. Linguistic Anthropology...........................................5
5. Cultural Anthropology................................................6
6.Conclusion..............................................................7 Chapter 2 What Is Culture?..............................................11
1.Introduction..............................................................12
2. Main Features of Culture.................................................13
3. Cultural Transmission (Enculturation).................................14
4. Cultural Changes......................................................15
5. Cultural Universals vs. Cultural Differences.............. ... ........16
6.Conclusion...........................................................17
Chapter 3 Understanding and Explaining Culture........................23
1.Introduction...........................................................24
2. Nineteenth-Century Evolutionism........................................25
3. Boasian Anthropology...................................................26
4. French Sociology & British Functionalism................................27
5. Materialist Approaches..................................................28
6. Structuralism & Cognitive Anthropology..................................29
7. Recent Theories.........................................................30
8. Conclusion............................................................31 Chapter 4 Methods of Cultural Anthropology................................37
1. Introduction.............................................................38
2. Ethnography in a Historical Perspective........................... ....39
3. Stages of Field Research.................................................40
4. Data Collection Techniques..............................................41
5. Conclusion...............................................................43 Chapter 5 Language and Communication...................................49
1. Introduction...........................................................50
2. Uniqueness of Human Language...........................................50
3. Origin and History of Language.........................................51
4. Language and Cognition.................................................53
5. Major Fields of Structural Linguistics.................................54
6. Other Branches of Linguistics..........................................55
7. Sociolinguistics.......................................................56
8. Non-Verbal Communication..............................................58
9. Conclusion.............................................................59 Chapter 6 Subsistence Strategies..........................................63
1. Introduction............................................................64
2. Foraging................................................................65
3. Horticulture...........................................................67
4. Pastoralism.............................................................68
5. Intensive Agriculture...............................................70
6. Industrialized Agriculture..........................................71
7. Conclusion..........................................................73 Chapter 7 Economic Systems.......................... ...............77
1. Introduction.........................................................78
2. Modes of Production..................................................79
3. Modes of Distribution................................................81
4. Modes of Consumption.................................................85
5. Conclusion...........................................................87 Chapter 8 Marriage and the Family......................................91
1. Introduction.........................................................92
2. Marriage: An Overview................................................93
3. Marriage Rules.......................................................94
4. Marriage and Economic Exchange.......................................98
5. Forms of the Family..................................................99
6. Residence Patterns................................................99
7. Conclusion..........................................................100 Chapter 9 Kinship System..............................................105
1. Introduction..................................................106
2. Descent Groups...................................................107
3. Unilineal Descent Groups.........................................107
4. Cognatic (Non-Unilineal) Descent Groups..........................112
5. Kinship Classification...........................................113
6. Conclusion.......................................................115
Chapter 10 Sex and Gender...........................................121
1. Introduction.....................................................122
2. Alternative Sex/Gender...........................................123
3. Human Sexuality..................................................124
4. Rites of Passage..................................................127
5. Gender Roles......................................................128
6. Is Male Dominance Universal?......................................129
7. Consequences of Gender Stratification..............................129
8. Conclusion.........................................................130 Chapter 11 Social Stratification.....................................135
1. Introduction........................................................136
2. Types of Societies..................................................137
3. Stratified Societies................................................137
4. Race, Racism & Ethnicity............................................142
5. Patterns of Ethnic Relations.........................................143
6. Conclusion..........................................................145
Chapter 12 Political Life.............................................149
1. Introduction....................................................150
2. Uncentralized Political Organizations.............................151
3. Centralized Political Organizations................................151
4. Social Control.....................................................153
5. Conclusion.........................................................159
Chapter 13 Religion and Magic.........................................163
1. Introduction.........................................................164
2. Functions of Religion................................................165
3. Development of Religion..............................................166
4. Magic............................................................166
5. Other Practices...................................................167
6. Types of Religious Organizations...................................168
7. Conclusion........................................................171
Chapter 14 The Arts..............................................177
1. Introduction......................................................178
2. Visual Arts.......................................................179
3. Verbal Arts........................................................180
4. Performing Arts....................................................181
5. Popular Culture....................................................182
6. Conclusion.......................................................184
Chapter 15 Health and Illness.......................................189
1. Introduction...................................................190
2. Defining Health Problems.........................................191
3. A Health System..................................................192
4. Three Theoretical Approaches.....................................198
5. Global Health Issues.............................................199
6. Conclusion.......................................................200
Chapter 16 Applied Anthropology.......................................205
1. Introduction........................................................206
2. Traditional Applied Anthropology....................................207
3. Applied Cultural Anthropology.......................................209
4. Three Theoretical Approaches to Globalization and International Development...........................................................211
5. Challenges of Globalization........................................213
6. Conclusion.........................................................214
References...........................................................219
Pictures.............................................................229
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作者简介
现任纽约州立大学 Oswego 分校 (State University of New York – Oswego) 人类学系系副教授。在美国长期从事人类语言学和文化人类学的研究工作,在国际杂志及刊物上发表多篇论文; 现担任《考古学及人类学杂志》主编;担任《语言人类学》及《跨文化语用学》等国际权威杂志审稿人;担任纽约州华人专家学者联合会副秘书长;是美国人类学协会、美国语言学协会、亚州研究协会会员。