曹操评传

**章　显赫的家世　动荡的时代 .............................................................. 1 一、巨宦高官之后 ......................................................................................... 1 二、风雨飘摇的东汉王朝 ............................................................................. 4 第二章　奇特少年　众评纷纭 ..................................................................... 10 一、好飞鹰走狗，游侠无度 ....................................................................... 10 二、“安天下者，必此人也” ....................................................................... 13 三、“治世之能臣，乱世之奸雄” ............................................................... 15 第三章　初入仕途　崭露头角 ..................................................................... 17 一、办事干练的洛阳北部尉 ....................................................................... 17 二、极言直谏的议郎 ................................................................................... 19 三、崭露头角的青年将领 ........................................................................... 23 四、政风清新的济南相 ............................................................................... 25 五、尝试“岩穴隐居” ................................................................................. 27 六、出任典军校尉 ....................................................................................... 29 第四章　“举义兵以诛暴乱” .......................................................................... 31 一、“何必纷纷召外将乎” ........................................................................... 31 目 录2 二、逃离洛阳 ............................................................................................... 35 三、首举义兵 ............................................................................................... 37 四、“军合力不齐，踌躇而雁行” ............................................................... 39 五、“诸君北面，我自西向” ....................................................................... 43 第五章　据兖州以立基业 .............................................................................. 47 一、立足兖州 ............................................................................................... 47 二、组建“青州兵” ..................................................................................... 50 三、荀 来归 ............................................................................................... 51 四、逐袁术　征陶谦 ................................................................................... 54 五、兖州事变 ............................................................................................... 58 六、回战吕布 ............................................................................................... 62 第六章　奉天子以令不臣 .............................................................................. 68 一、献帝蒙尘 ............................................................................................... 68 二、通好朝廷 ............................................................................................... 70 三、迎献帝都许 ........................................................................................... 76 第七章　“修耕植以蓄军资” .......................................................................... 81 一、屯田背景 ............................................................................................... 81 二、屯田的兴办及屯田组织 ....................................................................... 83 三、屯田的作用 ........................................................................................... 87 第八章　“推诚仗信以招俊杰” ..................................................................... 90 一、杀一人而失天下心，不可 ................................................................... 90 二、选贤任能 ............................................................................................... 94 三、“本欲辱衡，衡反辱孤” ....................................................................... 99 曹操评传3 第九章　南征张绣 .......................................................................................... 102 一、 水蒙难.............................................................................................. 102 二、安众破敌 ............................................................................................. 105 三、接纳张绣 ............................................................................................. 108 第十章　荡平徐淮 ...........................................................................................112 一、困死袁术 ..............................................................................................112 二、擒杀吕布 ..............................................................................................118 三、败走刘备 ............................................................................................. 126 第十一章　决胜官渡 ..................................................................................... 133 一、袁绍的兴起 ......................................................................................... 133 二、战前态势 ............................................................................................. 135 三、声西击东袭白马 ................................................................................. 141 四、悬饵诱敌战延津 ................................................................................. 144 五、持重待机拒官渡 ................................................................................. 146 六、釜底抽薪烧乌巢 ................................................................................. 150 七、大获全胜献捷报 ................................................................................. 153 八、才智高下定成败 ................................................................................. 155 第十二章　进取四州 ..................................................................................... 160 一、进占黎阳 ............................................................................................. 160 二、隔岸观火 ............................................................................................. 163 三、攻拔邺城 ............................................................................................. 166 四、剿灭袁谭 ............................................................................................. 172 五、席卷幽并 ............................................................................................. 175 六、清定海岱 ............................................................................................. 179 目 录4 第十三章　远征乌桓 ..................................................................................... 183 一、一项颇富争议的风险决策 ................................................................. 183 二、一场出敌不意的闪击战 ..................................................................... 186 三、一路悲歌，一路慷慨 ......................................................................... 189 第十四章　兵败赤壁 ..................................................................................... 196 一、荆州：山雨欲来风满楼 ..................................................................... 196 二、“旌麾南指，刘琮束手” ..................................................................... 200 三、孙刘联手 ............................................................................................. 203 四、火烧乌林 ............................................................................................. 208 五、曹操兵败赤壁原因简析 ..................................................................... 209 六、战后形势的演变和发展 ..................................................................... 214 第十五章　囊括关陇 ..................................................................................... 217 一、“引蛇出洞” ......................................................................................... 217 二、“暗度陈仓” ......................................................................................... 219 三、离间马、韩 ......................................................................................... 221 四、乘势收陇右 ......................................................................................... 224 第十六章　交兵汉中 ..................................................................................... 229 一、“妖妄之国” ......................................................................................... 229 二、侥幸取汉中，无意占蜀地 ................................................................. 230 三、刘备进兵，夏侯殒命 ......................................................................... 237 四、“曹公虽来，无能为也” ..................................................................... 241 第十七章　鏖兵襄樊 ..................................................................................... 245 一、襄樊告急 ............................................................................................. 245 二、遣使联吴 ............................................................................................. 248 曹操评传5 三、关羽走麦城 ......................................................................................... 250 第十八章　曹操之死与曹魏代汉............................................................... 257 一、巨星陨落 ............................................................................................. 257 二、高陵今何在 ......................................................................................... 261 三、曹丕登基 ............................................................................................. 265 四、忠奸莫辨 ............................................................................................. 274 第十九章　曹操的政治理想及治世要举 ................................................. 293 一、“忧世不治”的情怀 ........................................................................... 293 二、治世要举 ............................................................................................. 297 （一）抑强扶弱，恢复经济 ............................................................... 297 （二）推行教化，整齐风俗 ............................................................... 304 （三）崇尚法治，严明赏罚 ............................................................... 313 （四）控制和利用方士 ....................................................................... 317 （五）厉行节约 ................................................................................... 320 第二十章　曹操的人才观和用人艺术 ..................................................... 324 一、“为国失贤则亡” ................................................................................. 324 二、“明扬仄陋，唯才是举” ..................................................................... 326 三、“勋劳宜赏，不吝千金” ..................................................................... 331 四、“士有偏短，庸可废乎” ..................................................................... 337 五、“各言其失，吾将览焉” ..................................................................... 340 六、“官方授材，各因其器” ..................................................................... 343 第二十一章　曹操的军事思想及战争指导艺术 ................................... 348 一、军队建设思想 ..................................................................................... 349 （一）必须建立一支与国力相适应的军队 ....................................... 349 （二）必须重视军队的制度建设，坚持依法治军 ........................... 350 （三）必须提高将帅的素质 ............................................................... 351 目 录6 （四）必须提高军队的作战能力 ....................................................... 352 二、战略思想 ............................................................................................. 353 （一）明确战略对手，制定科学战略方针 ....................................... 353 （二）建立稳固的根据地 ................................................................... 354 （三）慎于用兵，师出有名 ............................................................... 355 （四）重视伐谋、伐交 ....................................................................... 356 （五）爱惜民力，因粮于敌，速战速决 ........................................... 357 三、战术思想 ............................................................................................. 358 （一）收集情报，缜密料敌 ............................................................... 358 （二）示形用诈，谲敌制胜 ............................................................... 359 （三）因事设奇，量敌而动 ............................................................... 360 （四）任势取胜，趋利避害 ............................................................... 361 第二十二章　曹操的才艺及文学成就 ..................................................... 365 一、一个多才多艺的人 ............................................................................. 365 二、慷慨悲凉的诗歌 ................................................................................. 368 （一）以丰富的题材表达多样化主题 ............................................... 368 （二）慷慨悲凉的诗风 ....................................................................... 372 （三）难能可贵的创新 ....................................................................... 375 三、清峻通脱的散文 ................................................................................. 376 （一）短小精悍 ................................................................................... 377 （二）率意直白 ................................................................................... 379 （三）感情浓郁，气势磅礴 ............................................................... 380 （四）手法灵活 ................................................................................... 382 四、曹操在文学史上的地位与影响 ......................................................... 384 第二十三章　曹操的人格魅力 ................................................................... 386 一、“非常之人，超世之杰” ..................................................................... 386 （一）“立德”不亏 ............................................................................. 387 （二）“立功”甚大 ............................................................................. 389 曹操评传7 （三）“立言”也昌 ..............................................................................389 二、善是底色，恶为斑点 ..........................................................................390 （一）曹操性格和为人善的一面 ........................................................390 （二）曹操性格和为人“恶”的一面 ................................................399 三、历代有识之士对曹操的评价 ..............................................................410 附录一　曹操年表 ...........................................................................................419 附录二　主要参考书目 ..................................................................................427 后　记 ..................................................................................................................429 修订版后记