语义学经典论文选读

　　《外教社学术阅读文库：语义学经典论文选读》：　　　　But to my knowledge they have not previously been cultivated to meet the standards for logical and semantical theories which currently prevsil.In particular， Strawson's distinction between the significance （meaningfulness） of a sentence and the statement （proposition） which is expressed in a given use is clearly related.Strawson recognizes that such sentences as 'The present King of France is now bald' may express different propositions in different utterances， and he identifies the meaningfulness of the sentence with its potential for expressing a true or false proposition in some possible utterance.Though he does not explicitly discuss the meaning of the sentence， it is clear that he would not identify such a meaning with any of the propositions expressed by particular utterances.Unfortunately Strawson seems to regard the fact that sentences containing demonstratives can be used to express different propositions as immunizing such sentences against treatment by 'the logician'.　　In order to convince myself that it is possible to carry out a consistent analysis of the semantics of demonstratives along the above lines， I have attempted to carry through the program for a version of first order predicate logic.The result is the following Logic of Demonstratives.　　If my views are correct， the introduction of demonstratives into intensional logics will require more extensive reformulation than was thought to be the case.　　THE LOGIC OF DEMONSTRATIVES　　The Language LD is based on first-order predicate logic with identity and descriptions.We deviate slightly from standard formulations in using two sorts of variables， one sort for positions and a second sort for individuals other than positions （hereafter called simply 'individuals'）.　　Primitive Symbols for Two Sorted Predicate Logic　　0.Punctuation：（ ）　　1.（ⅰ） An infinite set of individual variables：Vi　　（ⅱ） An infinite set of position variables：Vp　　2.（ⅰ） An infinite number of m-n-place predicates， for all natural numbers m， n　　（ⅱ） The 1-0-place predicate：Exist　　（ⅲ） The 1-1-place predicate：Located.　　……