国际贸易实务

Chapter 1A Brief Introduction to International Trade 国际贸易简介Objectives： 1. To understand the definition of international trade and its significance2. To understand theories of free trade and protectionism3. To master the classifications of international trade4. To master different modes of international trade5. To know the development of Ecommerce1.1What is International Trade什么是国际贸易The exchange of goods or services along international borders is called international trade. It is the relationship between different countries for the purpose of trade and commerce. According to Wikipedia, international trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international borders or territorieshttp：//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade. It is a business transaction which not only includes tangible goods exchange and foreign manufacturing, but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling and mass communications. Business transaction may appear in the section of private business whose main aim is to profit, or in the section of governmental procurement which is nonprofit oriented. In brief, international trade (also known as foreign trade, world trade，global trade or overseas trade), is the fair and deliberate exchange of capital, goods, and/or services between people, organizations and countries across national or regional boundaries. It represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP) in most countries. International trade plays an important role in every countrys economy. The balance of trade, or the amount of imports versus exports, drives a countrys evaluation of its gross domestic product (GDP) and ultimately impacts the publics perception of the health of the whole economy. More importantly, international trade opens up untapped markets for sellers and increases the home countrys productivity as workers are employed to make the goods to sell globally. From a business perspective, the role of international trade is to maximize profits for owners, the single most important mandate for corporations and many other types of businesses. Governments consider the role of international trade from a larger perspective on the health of the economy. The ability of the business sector to manufacture goods for export means that more of the countrys workforce is employed, producing a larger amount of inventory. It also means that the country is in a stronger position globally, as it is virtually exporting the countrys values and lifestyle along with its products.International trade is of great significance to China during the past few decades for at least three reasons： Firstly, foreign trade promotes domestic employment. The international market is very enormous while the domestic market is comparatively limited. So, with foreign trade, a nation can increase its sales of products and thereby create jobs domestically. This is especially true of China, whose exports are producing labor demand intensively. Statistics showed that for each increase in export sales by one hundred million dollars, twelve thousand new jobs were created in China.News related： Chinas global ad campaign (Dec12009, China Daily)The Chinese government has launched a global advertising campaign in an effort to lift the reputation of Chinesemade goods. The 30 second commercial debuted on CNN Asia with the theme “made in China, made with the world”. The ad is believed to be the Chinese governments first ever branding campaign and is set to be screened in other markets, including North America.Secondly, foreign trade improves domestic living standards and social wellbeing. According to international trade theory, a key driving force of international trade is cost differentials between countries. A nation can buy goods from a foreign country more cheaply than that produced from home. Thus, foreign trade raises peoples living standards and wellbeing by reducing cost, and increasing ranges of goods and services available to consumers.Thirdly, competition with foreign companies brings long term improvement in industrial competitiveness. Production efficiencies are upgraded by the introduction into home market of advanced technologies and equipment improvements that strengthen the growth of domestic industries.China has become the biggest foreign trade economy in the world in terms of trade volume on tangible goods in 2013http：//jingji.cntv.cn/2014/01/11/ARTI1389397022704388.shtml. and is still experiencing a steady growth. Currently speaking, its three biggest trade partners are： EU, the U.S.A. and 10 ASEAN countries. In the process of promoting foreign trade to keep longterm economic development, Chinese government has been exploring and executing a lot of financial measures and policy priorities even trying commercial ads in the Time Square to build confidence and attract foreign investment and support. 1.2Theories of International Trade国际贸易理论News related： China trade now bigger than US(11： 03AM GMT 10 Feb 2013,By Garry White, The Telegraph)China has leapfrogged the US to become the worlds biggest trading nation, bringing an end to the USs postwar dominance of global commerce.The total value of US exports and imports in 2012 was $3.82 trillion (￡2.4 trillion), the US Commerce Department has revealed. Chinas customs administration has already announced that the countrys total trade last year was worth $3.87 trillion.