包邮语言教学实用技巧

introduction
chapter 1 basic principles 1-student and teacher
　1. learning is more important than teaching.
　2. teach the students, not the book.
　3. involve students in the learning process.
　4. don't tell students what they can tell you.
　5. show your reactions to what students say.
　6. students need practice, not you.
　7. don't emphasise difficulties.
　8. vary what you do, and how you do it.
　9. 　select!
　i0. activities and relationships in the classroom change.
　11. students need to leam how to learn.
　12, useful and fun is better than either alone.
　13. we all learn best when we are relaxed.
　14. students can be silent, but still involved.
chapter 2 basic principles 2-laneuaae and lanaua~e learning,
　1. language teaching is teaching language.
　2. languages are different.
　3. language is what, how and why.
　4. 'level' is a complex idea.
　5. natural language has a place in all courses.
　6. knowing the language is not enough.
　7. most language skills can be divided into sub-skills.
　8. hear, speak, read, write is a good sequence.
　9. language learning is cyclical.
　10. language is used for different purposes in the classroom.
　11. do not be afraid of the students' mother tongue.
　12. motor skills need practice.
　13. distinguish clearly between accuracy and fluency practices.
　14. interesting communicative tasks increase motivation.
　15. you learn to speak by listening,
chapter 3 classroom management and general tips
　1. arrange the seating to help.
　2. stand up when you're directing activity.
　3. look at the students.
　4. use your hands to encourage and direct students.
　5. use the back of your hand to point.
　6. use pauses to punctuate what you say.
　7. vary your voice.
　8. keep your language to a minimum when students are doing something.
　9. don't commentate.
　10. don't be afraid of silence.
　11. don't be afraid of noise.
　12. use pair work to increase student talking time--even if it seems chaos.
　13. use group work to increase student talking time.
　14. be explicit.
　15. don't ask 'doyou understand'.
　16. don't go 'round the class' if individuals can prepare particular exam-ples.
　17. admit your ignorance.
　18. consult colleagues.
　19. consult students.
　20. demonstrate, rather than explain, new activities.
　21. exploit real events.
　22. divide the blackboard.
　23. use the overhead projector to control what students see.
　24. machinery will not solve all your problems.
　25. expand, don't clutter.
chapter 4 preparation
　1. prepare yourself.
　2. courses and lessons need an overall structure.
　3. don't let the book dictate.
　4. do not prepare too much or too rigidly.
　5. preparation must be concrete.
　6. aids are only aids if they help.
　7. never ignore the practical difficulties.
　8. a good lesson has a beginning, a middle and an end.
chapter 5 techniques-listening
　1. listening can be divided into sub-skills.
　2. direct students' listening, particularly if it is taped.
　3. listening to a tape is difficult.
　4. let students hear 'the real thing' from early in their course.
　5. make sure students can hear the difference between similar sounds.
　6. use a variety of 'listen and respond' activities.
chapter 6 techniques-speechwork
　1. do not distort when giving a model.
　2. the model must remain the same.
　3. use choral pronunciation.
　4. conduct choral pronunciation decisively.
　5. move around the room when doing choral pronunciation.
　6. keep your language to a minimum in pronunciation practices.
　7. vary your criterion of 'good' in pronunciation practice.
　8. articulation is an important first step in practice.
　9. it is helpful to do amculation practices more than once.
　10. bring variety to 'say after me .
　11. something which is not a real word sometimes helps.
　12. there is no such thing as the 'c-h sound'.
　13. the main criteria for pronunciation are consistency and intelligibility.
　14. teach intonation by back-chaining.
　15. don't explain intonation, demonstrate.
　16. show stress, pitch and intonation visually.
　17. refer to stress and intonation even when not specifically teaching it.
chapter 7 techniques-structure
　1. encourage students to see patterns.
　2. good rules can help students.
　3. understanding involves example, explanation, and practice.
　4. terminology can help or hinder.
　5. filling in a fill-in exercise is not enough.
　6. students need to practise form as well as use.
　7. there is a place for oral and written practices.
　8. use 'gimmicks' to combat popular mistakes.
　9. use beehives with large classes.
　10. most language games are structure practices.
　11. free situations are important.
　12. grammar can be fun.
　13. grammar is a receptive skill, too.
　14. teach word grammar as well as sentence grammar.
chapter 8 techniques-correction
　i. mistakes are a natural part of the learning process.
……
chapter 9 techniques-vocabulary
chapter 10 techniques-texts
chapter 11 techniques-conversation
chapter 12 some misunderstood language points
further reading