如何进行思辨性写作

introduction..........ithe theorythe premise of this guide..........1writing for a purpose..........1substantive writing..........2the problem of impressionistic writing..........2writing reflectively..........3writing as exercise for the mind..........4how to write a sentence..........5writing to learn..........5substantive writing in content areas..........6relating core ideas to other core ideas..........7writing within disciplines..........8the work of writing..........9non-substantive writing..........10the practiceexercises in substantive writing..........12paraphrasing..........13sample paraphrases..........15paraphrasing short quotes..........16paraphrasing and clarifying substantive texts..........20exploring conflicting ideas..........33exploring key ideas within disciplines..........36analyzing reasoning..........41evaluating reasoning..........48appendix a: the logic of an articleappendix b: evaluating an author’s reasoningappendix c: (for instructors) mapping sentencesappendix d: (for instructors) how to teach students to assess writingappendix e: the function of transitional words