数字逻辑(第三版)

目 录 第 1 章 数制与编码 .............................................................................................................. 1 1-1 数字逻辑概述 ......................................................................................................................1 1-1-1 数字系统 ................................................................................................................1 1-1-2 片上系统.................................................................................................................3 1-2 数制及其转换 ......................................................................................................................5 1-2-1 十进制 ....................................................................................................................5 1-2-2 二进制 ....................................................................................................................6 1-2-3 八进制 ....................................................................................................................6 1-2-4 十六进制.................................................................................................................6 1-2-5 数制转换.................................................................................................................7 1-3 带符号二进制数的代码表示 .............................................................................................12 1-3-1 机器码与真值.......................................................................................................12 1-3-2 原码 ......................................................................................................................12 1-3-3 反码 ......................................................................................................................13 1-3-4 补码 ......................................................................................................................14 1-3-5 数码运算...............................................................................................................15 1-4 编码....................................................................................................................................17 1-4-1 BCD 码..................................................................................................................17 1-4-2 格雷码 ..................................................................................................................18 1-4-3 奇偶检验码...........................................................................................................20 1-4-4 CRC 码..................................................................................................................20 1-4-5 ASCII 码................................................................................................................21 小结 .............................................................................................................................................22 习题 .............................................................................................................................................22 第 2 章 逻辑代数基础 ......................................................................................................... 23 2-1 逻辑代数的基本定理和规则 .............................................................................................23 2-1-1 逻辑代数公理.......................................................................................................23 2-1-2 逻辑代数定理.......................................................................................................23 2-1-3 逻辑代数规则.......................................................................................................25 2-2 逻辑函数的表示方法.........................................................................................................27 2-2-1 逻辑表达式...........................................................................................................27 2-2-2 真值表 ..................................................................................................................27 2-2-3 逻辑图 ..................................................................................................................28 2-3 逻辑函数表达形式与变换.................................................................................................28 CONTENTS ??? 2 数字逻辑(第三版) 2-3-1 积之和 ..................................................................................................................29 2-3-2 和之积 ..................................................................................................................29 2-3-3 zui小项标准形式...................................................................................................29 2-3-4 zui大项标准形式...................................................................................................31 2-4 逻辑函数的化简 ................................................................................................................34 2-4-1 与或式的化简.......................................................................................................34 2-4-2 或与式的化简.......................................................................................................36 2-5 卡诺图................................................................................................................................37 2-5-1 卡诺图构成...........................................................................................................37 2-5-2 典型卡诺圈...........................................................................................................39 2-5-3 卡诺图化简...........................................................................................................42 2-5-4 无关项的卡诺图表示 ...........................................................................................45 小结 .............................................................................................................................................46 习题 .............................................................................................................................................47 第 3 章 组合逻辑 ............................................................................................................... 49 3-1 门电路................................................................................................................................49 3-1-1 二极管、三极管门电路 .......................................................................................49 3-1-2 TTL 门电路...........................................................................................................52 3-1-3 CMOS 门电路........................................................................................................57 3-2 组合逻辑分析 ....................................................................................................................59 3-2-1 分析步骤...............................................................................................................59 3-2-2 分析实例...............................................................................................................60 3-3 组合逻辑设计 ....................................................................................................................62 3-3-1 设计步骤...............................................................................................................62 3-3-2 问题的描述...........................................................................................................62 3-3-3 设计实例...............................................................................................................65 3-3-4 不完全项设计.......................................................................................................68 3-4 组合逻辑电路的险象.........................................................................................................70 3-4-1 险象的产生...........................................................................................................71 3-4-2 险象的判断...........................................................................................................71 3-4-3 险象的解决...........................................................................................................72 3-5 常用的中规模组合逻辑构件的使用..................................................................................73 3-5-1 译码器 ..................................................................................................................74 3-5-2 编码器 ..................................................................................................................81 3-5-3 多路选择器...........................................................................................................83 3-5-4 比较器 ..................................................................................................................88 3-5-5 加法器 ..................................................................................................................89 3-5-6 ALU.......................................................................................................................93 目 录 3 小结 .............................................................................................................................................98 习题 .............................................................................................................................................99 第 4 章 同步时序逻辑 ....................................................................................................... 102 4-1 时序逻辑结构模型...........................................................................................................102 4-1-1 结构模型.............................................................................................................102 4-1-2 时序电路的分类.................................................................................................104 4-2 触发器..............................................................................................................................104 4-2-1 RS 触发器...........................................................................................................104 4-2-2 D 触发器.............................................................................................................107 4-2-3 JK 触发器 ...........................................................................................................109 4-2-4 T 触发器 .............................................................................................................113 4-2-5 不同类型时钟触发器间的转换..........................................................................113 4-2-6 集成触发器的参数 .............................................................................................118 4-3 同步时序逻辑分析...........................................................................................................119 4-3-1 特性函数.............................................................................................................119 4-3-2 激励表 ................................................................................................................119 4-3-3 状态图、状态表.................................................................................................119 4-3-4 波形图 ................................................................................................................121 4-3-5 分析实例.............................................................................................................121 4-4 同步时序逻辑设计...........................................................................................................126 4-4-1 原始状态图和状态表 .........................................................................................127 4-4-2 状态表化简.........................................................................................................131 4-4-3 状态分配.............................................................................................................137 4-4-4 设计实例.............................................................................................................141 4-5 常用的中规模同步时序逻辑构件的使用........................................................................145 4-5-1 寄存器 ................................................................................................................145 4-5-2 计数器 ................................................................................................................148 小结 ...........................................................................................................................................157 习题 ...........................................................................................................................................157 第 5 章 脉冲产生电路 ....................................................................................................... 161 5-1 多谐振荡器 ......................................................................................................................161 5-1-1 TTL 环形振荡器 .................................................................................................161 5-1-2 MOS 多谐振荡器 ................................................................................................163 5-2 单稳态触发器 ..................................................................................................................164 5-3 施密特触发器 ..................................................................................................................166 5-4 555 定时器及其应用........................................................................................................168 5-4-1 555 定时器..........................................................................................................168 5-4-2 单稳态触发器.....................................................................................................169 4 数字逻辑(第三版) 5-4-3 多谐振荡器.........................................................................................................170 5-4-4 施密特振荡器.....................................................................................................171 小结 ...........................................................................................................................................172 习题 ...........................................................................................................................................172 第 6 章 数 / 模与模 / 数转换电路 .......................................................................................... 174 6-1 数/模转换电路 .................................................................................................................174 6-1-1 权电阻网络 DAC ................................................................................................174 6-1-2 倒 T 形电阻网络 DAC ........................................................................................175 6-1-3 DAC 的主要技术指标.........................................................................................176 6-1-4 集成 DAC 举例 ...................................................................................................177 6-1-5 DAC 转换器应用举例.........................................................................................179 6-2 模/数转换电路 .................................................................................................................181 6-2-1 逐次比较型 ADC ................................................................................................184 6-2-2 双积分型 ADC ....................................................................................................187 6-2-3 ADC 的主要技术指标.........................................................................................189 6-2-4 集成 ADC 举例 ...................................................................................................189 6-2-5 ADC 应用举例 ....................................................................................................191 小结 ...........................................................................................................................................193 习题 ...........................................................................................................................................193 第 7 章 编程逻辑 ............................................................................................................. 195 7-1 阵列示意图 ......................................................................................................................195 7-1-1 ROM....................................................................................................................195 7-1-2 阵列示意图概述.................................................................................................196 7-2 CPLD ................................................................................................................................198 7-2-1 PLA.....................................................................................................................198 7-2-2 PAL.....................................................................................................................199 7-2-3 GAL.....................................................................................................................200 7-2-4 CPLD 简介 ..........................................................................................................201 7-2-5 CPLD 编程原理...................................................................................................203 7-3 FPGA................................................................................................................................204 7-3-1 FPGA 编程原理 ..................................................................................................204 7-3-2 Altera FPGA 典型结构........................................................................................205 7-3-3 Xilinx FPGA 典型结构........................................................................................209 7-4 VHDL ...............................................................................................................................212 7-4-1 VHDL 概述 .........................................................................................................212 7-4-2 VHDL 基本结构..................................................................................................213 7-4-3 VHDL 数据类型与表达式 ..................................................................................214 7-4-4 VHDL 基本语句..................................................................................................219 目 录 5 7-4-5 ModelSim 仿真 ....................................................................................................225 7-4-6 组合逻辑设计实例 .............................................................................................231 7-4-7 时序逻辑设计实例 .............................................................................................238 小结 ...........................................................................................................................................245 习题 ...........................................................................................................................................246 第 8 章 数字系统综合设计 ................................................................................................ 247 8-1 设计流程..........................................................................................................................247 8-2 七段 LED 显示.................................................................................................................248 8-2-1 LED 显示原理.....................................................................................................248 8-2-2 电路设计.............................................................................................................249 8-2-3 VHDL 设计 .........................................................................................................250 8-3 交通灯控制 ......................................................................................................................252 8-3-1 系统需求.............................................................................................................252 8-3-2 状态分析.............................................................................................................253 8-3-3 系统设计.............................................................................................................253 8-3-4 模块 VHDL 描述.................................................................................................253 8-3-5 仿真与运行结果.................................................................................................258 8-4 ADC 0804 数据采集.........................................................................................................258 8-4-1 ADC 0804 时序 ...................................................................................................258 8-4-2 原理图 ................................................................................................................259 8-4-3 VHDL 设计 .........................................................................................................259 8-5 单周期 CPU 描述 .............................................................................................................261 8-5-1 MIPS 处理器概述 ...............................................................................................261 8-5-2 指令描述.............................................................................................................262 8-5-3 微结构 ................................................................................................................263 8-6 单周期 CPU 设计 .............................................................................................................265 8-6-1 指令执行步骤.....................................................................................................265 8-6-2 取指令(IF)逻辑设计......................................................................................265 8-6-3 指令译码(ID)逻辑设计..................................................................................266 8-6-4 指令执行(EXE)逻辑设计 ..............................................................................270 8-6-5 存储器访问(MEM)逻辑设计 .........................................................................270 8-6-6 结果写回(WB)逻辑设计................................................................................270 8-6-7 系统逻辑设计及仿真 .........................................................................................271 小结 ...........................................................................................................................................273 习题 ...........................................................................................................................................274 附录 A 逻辑符号对照表 .................................................................................................... 275 附录 B Quartus II 开发环境 .............................................................................................. 278 参考文献 ............................................................................................................................ 292